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You’re rushing to school and a man ahead of you suddenly falls down. Do you stop to help? In a study of bystanders, it was found that some people look away or keep on walking rather than stop and get involved.

“There is an inclination(倾向) to decide that no action is needed,” says Ervin Staub, a psychologist at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, who studies the role of bystanders. “ The first thoughts that come into your mind often keep you from offering help.”

Time and again, good and caring people fail to come to the aid of others. They know they should act and yet, for reasons they themselves don’t understand, people sometimes don’t respond. Longtime researchers of bystander behavior continue to struggle with the question, “Why?”

One thing we do know is that the more ambiguous a situation is, the less likely people are to help. Let’s say you see vapors(水汽) coming out of a building. You ask yourself, “Is it steam(蒸汽) or smoke?” If you are not sure, you look to other people for a clue about how to react. If you see other people doing nothing, you think, “Of course, that’s just steam.” You don’t want it to be smoke, because then you would have to do something about it.

Another one is known as “ the bystander effect”. This says that the more people there are observing an emergency, the less responsible each one of them personally feels. For example, if you are the only person in the world who can act to save someone in a dangerous situation, you are more likely to act. However, if you are one of 100,000 people who could save the situation, you would be happier if one of the other 99,999 people did it!

“If you notice trouble, force yourself to stop and judge the situation instead of walking on,” says Ervin Staub. Then try to involve other people; you don’t have to take on all the responsibility of being helpful. According to Staub, it is sometimes just a matter of turning to the person next to you and saying, “It looks like we should do something.” Once you take action, most people will follow you and also offer help.

【小题1】Ervin Staub probably agrees that _____.
A.the bystanders force them to solve the troubles
B.people’s first thoughts usually prevent them from helping
C.the researchers often lead to the embarrassment
D.the person next to you often asks you to deal with emergency
【小题2】The word “ambiguous” in Paragraph 4 probably means “_____”.
A.difficultB.dangerousC.unclearD.unpleasant
【小题3】The writer uses “ the bystander effect” to show that _____.
A.people usually think others a lot before the difficulties
B.people like to carry out the responsibility in emergency
C.people often share their ideas when they’re in dangerous situations
D.people are likely to behave in the same way as most other people do
【小题4】Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A.Is it important to offer help?
B.Is it difficult to get involved?
C.To stand there or take actions?
D.To change the decision or stick it?
2019·北京·中考模拟
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What should we do if one of our classmates suddenly falls ill or gets injured? Here are some tips you should follow. But always remember to seek medical care after first aid if the injury is serious.


Broken bones:
1. Take away clothing from the injured area.
2. Use an ice pack.
3. Don’t move the injured body part while waiting for the doctor to arrive.
Animal bites:
1. Wash the bite area with soap and water; pack the injured area with a clean cloth.
2. If it is bleeding, cover the area with a bandage and take the person to the hospital.
3. Make sure you remember what kind of animal it is so the doctor can find the right way to treat them as soon as possible.
Fainting(昏厥):
1. Have him or her lie with feet lifted a little. Don’t move the body if you think there might be injuries from the fall.
2. Make sure he or she can breathe and let in fresh air.
3. Wipe the person’s face with s cool towel.
Nosebleeds:
1. Have the person sit up with his or her head tilted(倾斜)forward a little. Do not have the person tilt their head back because this may cause heavy breathing or coughing.
2. Pinch(捏)the lower part of the nose (just below the bony part) for at least 10 minutes.
【小题1】What should we do first when an animal bite happens?
A.Put an ice pack on the injured area.
B.Wash the bite area with soap and water.
C.Try to stop the bleeding with a clean cloth.
D.Take the injured person to the hospital.
【小题2】When dealing with the problems of ________ we shouldn’t move the injured.
A.broken bones and animal bites
B.animal bites and nosebleeds
C.fainting and nosebleeds
D.broken bones and fainting
【小题3】Which part of a magazine may the passage come from?
A.Health.B.Lifestyle.C.Sports.D.Education.

It was 3:21 a.m. when ten-year-old Glenn Creamer was woken up by the smell of burning. Except for the crack(爆裂声)of flames somewhere below, there was not a sound in the house.

As his father was away on business, Glenn was worried about his mother, his 14-year-old sister Karen and his 12-year-old brother Todd. He ran downstairs through the smoke-filled house to push and pull at Karen and Todd until they woke up. Then he helped them to the garden. There, his sister and brother took short and quick breaths and coughed.

Glenn raced back into his mother’s room. He found it impossible to wake her up and there was nobody to help Glenn carry her to the garden. But the boy kept calm.

Luckily the telephone in the bedroom was still working. Glenn called his father. After Glenn made sure his father would telephone the firemen and ambulance service, he went on saving his mother.

First he filled a bucket with water from the bathroom and threw water over his mother and her bed. In this way, she would be kept away from the fire before the firemen arrived. Then, he went back to the garden.

Later, he heard the fire engine coming up. But how would the firemen find his mother in the smoke-filled house where fire had almost covered the ground floor?

Fetching a ball of string(绳)from the garage Glenn raced back to his mother’s room. He tied one end of the string to her hand. Then he began to run back. He laid out the string as he went through the hall and back out into the garden.

Minutes later, he told the Fire Chief John Coughlan, “The string will lead you to my mother.” Mrs Creamer was saved finally.

【小题1】Why did Glenn run downstairs first?
A.He wanted to find out what was happening.B.He was worried about his mother’s safety.
C.He wanted to save his sister and brother.D.He went to see if his father had come back from work.
【小题2】How many people are there in Glenn’s family?
A.2B.3.C.4.D.5.
【小题3】Which of the following words can describe Glenn according to the passage?   
①brave                 ②calm                 ③weak                  ④ smart                  ⑤serious
A.①②④B.①②③C.②③④D.②④⑤

James Dawson, a fifth grader at an American middle school, was eating his lunch one day, when he accidentally swallowed (吞咽) a piece of the plastic on his food. He choked (噎住) and felt hard to breath. Great fear quickly caught him. He thought he was going to die.

Thankfully, a boy James didn’t know at all happened to be walking by at just the right time. Luckily, the 11-year-old boy, Arad, knew exactly what to do. He saw James taking hold of his throat, and noticed that the his face had turned completely purple. So he ran behind James immediately and started doing the Heimlich maneuver (海姆立克腹部冲击法). In the end, James shouted, “It’s out! It’s out!”

Arad said he’d learned how to do the Heimlich from a book several years before. So he understood the physics behind it. “It is to push air through the airway (气道) to throw whatever is there out,” he explained.

That night, James went home and told his mother the whole story. She wanted so badly to find the child who’d saved her son that she posted what had happened on the Internet. Later, Arad’s mother saw it and wrote her back.

Arad and James became close friends. “He knew what to do and I’m glad he knew what to do,” James said, “or I probably wouldn’t be talking.”

根据短文内容,选择最佳答案。

【小题1】What can we learn about James from Paragraph 1?
A.He liked to eat alone.B.He choked at noon one day.
C.He would never eat at school again.D.He shouted when he couldn’t breath.
【小题2】What does the underlined word “immediately” mean?
A.At once.B.Later.C.Just now.D.At present.
【小题3】Where did Arad learn the Heimlich maneuver?
A.From his parents.B.From a video.C.From a book.D.From a class.
【小题4】Which words can best describe Arad according to the passage?
A.Wise and calm.B.Brave and lively.
C.Polite and patient.D.Careful and shy.
【小题5】What’s the purpose of the passage?
A.To encourage readers to do some reading.
B.To advise readers to develop good eating habits.
C.To show readers how to do the Heimlich maneuver.
D.To show readers the importance of learning first aid (急救方法).

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