As you’ve grown up, has your favourite color changed?

Colors can stand for different feelings and moods. That’s why more than 20 years ago, the Pantone Color Institute（研究所）decided to choose a color every December to r【小题1】 the feelings of the coming year. What color did it decide on for the year 2022?

It is Very Peri, a kind of Color that m【小题2】 the peacefulness of blue with energetic red. This is the first time the company has created a new color for Color of the Year instead of p【小题3】 an old one.

So, why Very Peri?

Each year, Pantone studies the happenings of the world to find the most s【小题4】 color, and for 2022, it’s all about the influence of the digital world. The blue with red stands for the light of digital screens, reported People’s Daily. This shows how our physical（现实的）and digital lives are coming t【小题5】 in new ways.

“It is really important for us to come up with a new colour, s【小题6】 we have a very new view of the world now,” said Leatrice Eiseman. “Of all the blue hues（色调）, it is the happiest and the w【小题7】.” Mixing in red, she said, gives the color a feeling of warmth and newness. The feeling of newness may be just what we all need. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed h【小题8】 we live and work. Now people need to think outside the box.

“We’ve gone through so many challenges, and we w【小题9】 what’s going to happen from one day to the next,” said Laurie Pressman. “Keeping curious helps people get through these d【小题10】. That’s what we would like to call ‘creative courage’.”

A Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one a【小题1】. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.

In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at random—he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.

Human children, on the other hand are extremely cooperative. From the earliest ages, they desire to help others, to share information and to participate in a【小题2】 common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see a worried adult with hands f【小题3】 trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.

There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but n【小题4】 possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence d【小题5】 in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests, but were considerably better at understanding the social world.

The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But b【小题6】 that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.

We have all played with snow and ice. When a piece of ice 【小题1】 (take) into a warm room, it becomes smaller and smaller, until in the end it disappears completely. Where has it gone? It has been turned into water by the heat.

In winter, when clothes are washed they don’t dry easily. They are often hung up near a fire. Soon steam can be seen 【小题2】 (rise) from the wet clothes. The water in them is being turned into vapor(水蒸气), and they get drier and drier. When no more steam comes out, they must be taken away from the heat of the fire, 【小题3】 they might get burnt.

If you hold a mirror close in front of your mouth and blow on it, you will find the glass covered at once with little drops of water. The warm water vapor in your breath has been changed into water on the cold glass. Now stop 【小题4】 (blow), and soon you will find the glass clear again — the little drops of water has disappeared because they have again been turned into vapor 【小题5】 the warm air around them.

【小题6】 (leave) a basin (脸盆) of water outside in freezing weather, and it will soon be covered with ice. 【小题7】 it is not taken inside the room, sooner or later the whole basin of water may be turned into a block(块) of ice.

Most matter (物质) has three states(状态): solid(固体), liquid(液体) and gas. Solids can usually be turned into liquids and liquids into gases if we raise their temperature high enough. On the other hand, gases can often be turned into liquids and liquids into solids if they 【小题8】 (make) cold enough.

This change of state is a 【小题9】 (physics) change and not a chemical one. If a piece of wood is heated to a high temperature, it begins to burn. Light and heat 【小题10】 (send) out, together with heavy smoke, and soon only black charcoal(木炭) is left. This is called a chemical change.