A Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one a【小题1】. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.

In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at random—he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.

Human children, on the other hand are extremely cooperative. From the earliest ages, they desire to help others, to share information and to participate in a【小题2】 common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see a worried adult with hands f【小题3】 trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.

There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but n【小题4】 possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence d【小题5】 in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests, but were considerably better at understanding the social world.

The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But b【小题6】 that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.

In 1901,an Austrian scientist discovered that there are four types of blood.He named t【小题1】 A, B, AB and O.People have one of these f【小题2】 types.Blood type O is the most common around the world.Blood type A is the second most common,and blood type AB is the l【小题3】 common.

In 1927,a Japanese doctor f【小题4】 that people with different blood types have different personalities (性格), too.He said that people with type A blood are usually calm and serious; people with type B blood are cheerful and outgoing; people with type O blood are generous and honest; w【小题5】 those with type AB blood are often caring and talented.