The study was performed among 253 schoolchildren in Spain .Lifelong exposure(接触) to green space in the living places was recorded—using the information on the children’s addresses from birth up through to the time of the study. Brain structure was studied using 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Working memory and inattentiveness(注意力不集中)were graded with computers.
“This is the first study that shows the association between long-term exposure to green space and brain structure.” Says Dr. Payam Dadvand, the leading researcher of the study, “Our findings suggest that exposure to green space early in life could result in beneficial structural changes in the brain.”
The findings show that long-term exposure to greenness is positively associated with white and grey matter volumes in several parts of the brain. Some of them are related to higher scores on cognitive tests. Moreover, larger volumes of white and grey matter in those parts might lead to better working memory and less inattentiveness.
Exposure to nature has been thought to be necessary for brain development in children. Another study of 2,593 children shows that children in school with more green space have a greater increase in working memory and a greater decrease in inattentiveness.
Humans are believed to be tied to nature. Playing in greener areas offers children opportunities to search and learn. Accordingly, green space is thought to prompt important exercises in discovery, creativity and risk taking. These exercises in turn positively influence brain development.
Dr. Dadvand’s study suggests how such structural changes could bring about the beneficial effects of green spaces on cognitive development, it also adds to the proof that suggests the lasting effects of early life exposure to greenness on our health and the benefits of increasing greenness in cities.
Further studies are needed to prove the findings in other populations, settings and climates. And researchers need to examine differences according to the nature and quality of green space.
【小题1】The second paragraph is mainly about .
| A．how the study was performed | B．what was recorded in the study |
| C．how long the study lasted | D．who took part in the study |
| A．control | B．encourage | C．balance | D．change |
| A．Working memory influences white and grey matter in the brain. |
| B．Dr. Dadvand stressed the importance of changing the environment. |
| C．Studies proved the influence of greenness on populations outs of Spain. |
| D．Living in greener neighborhoods benefits children in brain development. |
From pointing to nodding, humans use signs to help communicate when talking to each other. Apes (猿) also have their own special signs to show what they mean. According to a new study, humans can understand the signs of apes.
Chimpanzees and bonobos (小黑猩猩) are two kinds of apes that are closest to humans. They use about 80 different signs to show what they mean. Although the two groups of apes use different signs sometimes, they share 90% of the same signs.
Kirsty Graham and Catherine Hobaiter at the University of St Andrews wanted to see if humans with no training or experience could understand the signs of chimpanzees and bonobos. They created a game for people to play online. The game was simple. People watched short videos of apes making a sign. Then they had to choose the correct meaning of the sign out of four possible answers.
The scientists were surprised to find that people were able to choose the correct meaning of the signs over 50% of the time. For some of the signs, people were able to choose the correct meaning about 80% of the time. One example of this was the sign of “wiping (擦) the mouth” meaning “give me that food”.
The scientists believe that humans may have a natural ability to understand the signs of apes. But it’s not clear why. They need to study how humans are able to understand the signs of apes.
【小题1】What can we know about Chimpanzees and bonobos from the first two paragraphs?| A．They are the same as humans. | B．They can make about 80 signs. |
| C．They use the same sign language. | D．They can talk with humans. |
| A．Both humans and apes could play the game. |
| B．The game was easy for Apes to find right answers. |
| C．There were four choices to choose from for each sign. |
| D．People could choose all of the correct meanings. |
| A．By pointing to the food. | B．By nodding at other apes. |
| C．By wiping their mouths. | D．By making a big loud noise. |
| A．A study: Apes’ special sign language. | B．A study: animals are closest to humans. |
| C．A study: humans’ understanding of apes’ signs. | D．A study: different sign languages between apes. |
Movie shoots (拍摄) going mobile
You might use your mobile photos to take selfies （自拍）and make vlogs . But what about films? The Golden-nominated director Lulu Wang has tired this.
Her film Nian is a new twist (突破) on a well-known Chinese folk story. A brave young girl wants to find a terrible animal called Nian. But when she meets him, she finds that Nian isn’t scary at all. The two build a beautiful friendship together.
Wang added that another good things about shooting on phones is that it allows filmmakers to be more mobile and free.
“We try to find out where else we can put our phones so we can get angles (角度) that are just a little bit more unique (独特的）,”Wang said. “We thought, ‘Oh, why don’t we are just put the phone inside Nian’s mouth?’ I think the size of it allows us to get all kinds of cool tools.
Wang didn’t let her phone get in her way. It’s much like that what photographer Chase Jarvis once said ,” The best camera is the one that’s with you .”
| A．Have you ever tried shooting on phones? |
| B．After all, photos are easier to carry around and use. |
| C．She shot a short film on her phone to celebrate Chinese New Year. |
| D．Shooting on a phone is much cheaper than shooting on a movie camera. |
| E．However , it would be much harder to get with a traditional camera. |
| F．Not only Nian, even the popular TV show Modern Family was partly shot on phones. |
In this experiment, a glass of water water acts like the Earth’s atmosphere—the air that surrounds (围绕) us and the sky over our heads.
You’ll need
·Clear drinking glass
· Milk, any kind
· Small spoon
· Flashlight(手电简)
1. Fill glass halfway with in a darkened room, shine flashlight on glass from top, sides and all angles(角度).
Does the light change when it goes through the glass?
2. Add 1/4 teaspoon of milk to water and stir(搅拌). Shine light on glass from all angles again.
What do you see?
What happens?
The light looks blue when you look at the side of the glass.
That’s because the tiny particles (分子) of milk scatter(使分散) the light, making it look blue.
Tiny bits of dust and air pollution in the atmosphere scatter sun light and make the sky look blue.
Look at the side of the glass opposite the light, and it looks pink or orange.
Blue light has scattered from the beam(光线) of light, leaving those colors.
When sunlight shines through the atmosphere at sunset and sunrise, it looks reddish(微红的).
SOURCE:TNS
【小题1】Which of the following is not needed in this experiment?| A．Cup. | B．Flashlight. | C．Spoon. | D．Milk. |
①Add some milk to water and stir.
②Fill glass halfway with water in the dark.
③Shine light on glass from all angles again.
④Shine light on glass from all angles.
| A．②③①④ |
| B．①③②④ |
| C．②④①③ |
| D．①④②③ |
| A．The experiment must be done in a darkened place. |
| B．Any kind of milk can be used in this experiment. |
| C．The light looks blue when you look at the side of the glass opposite the light. |
| D．The milk in the experiment is like the dust and air pollution in the atmosphere. |
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