①Think back to when you were in a math class, and the teacher set a difficult problem. Which of the following is closer to you?
A:Oh no, this is too hard for me. I’m not even going to seriously try and work it out.
B:Ah, this is quite difficult but I like to push myself. Even if I don’t get the answer right, maybe I’ll learn something in a try.
②Carol Dweck, the researcher of Stanford University, gave a group of children problems that were a little hard for them. One group said they loved trying something new or something difficult and understood that their abilities could be developed. She says they had a “growth mindset（成长心态）”, which would make them better at study. But another group of children felt that they were unable to imagine improving. Some of these children might cheat in the future; others looked for someone who had done worse than them to make themselves feel better.
③Carol believes that there is a problem in education at the moment. For years, children have been praised for their talent. They become pleased by getting high grades, but they are not necessarily interested in learning itself. “The better way,” she says, “is to praise them for their hard work or their good learning habits or their improvements. This way they will achieve more.”
④Researchers have been testing these ideas. Students were taught that if they learned something new and difficult, their brains would form stronger connections, making them more clever. And they made faster progress in the end. In another study, a group of school children used growth mindset for a year. The results were really surprising. They came top in tests. These children had ever felt that working hard was a sign of stupidity（愚蠢）, but they came to see it as the key to learning.
⑤So, back to our question at the beginning. If you answered B, well done—you already have a growth mindset. If A, don’t worry; everyone is able to improve if you really want to.
【小题1】At the beginning, the writer asks readers a question to ________.| A．lead in the topic of the article | B．find out the best answers |
| C．show how difficult the problem is | D．understand who are more clever |
| A．the problem in praising children | B．different ways of educating children |
| C．how to make children pleased | D．how to make children get high grades |
| A．something new | B．faster progress | C．another study | D．working hard |
| A．children will get high grades in tests | B．children will have a growth mindset |
| C．children can develop their abilities | D．children can be praised for their talent |
About 180 years ago, an English man called Rowland Hill passed a small village. He saw a postman gave a letter to a girl. The girl looked at the envelope(信封) for a moment, and then she handed it back to the postman. “I am sorry,” she said. “I don’t have enough money to pay the postage(邮资). ”
Hill came up to the postman and paid the postage for the girl’s letter. When he gave her the letter, she said with a smile, “Thank you very much. This letter is from Tom, my boyfriend. He went to London to look for work. I knew I couldn’t pay the postage. So I asked him to put a cross or a circle on the envelope. The cross tells me that he is well. The circle tells me that he has found work. I don’t need to open the letter because there’s nothing in it. ”
“I must do something about it,” Hill said to himself. At last, he got an idea. “The postage has to cost much less,” he said. “What about a penny(便士) for a letter? The sender of the letter must pay the postage. He has to buy a stamp(邮票) and put it on the envelope. ”
The first postage stamp in the world appeared in 1840. It had a picture of the Queen on it.
【小题1】Why did the girl give the letter back to the postman?
| A．Because the letter was not for her. |
| B．Because she wanted to send the letter. |
| C．Because she couldn’t pay for the letter. |
| D．Because she didn’t want to receive(收到) the letter. |
| A．Rowland Hill. | B．The sender. | C．The girl. | D．The receiver. |
| A．The cross told the girl that Tom had found work. |
| B．Rowland Hill paid the postage and opened the letter. |
| C．The first postage stamp in the world appeared in 1841. |
| D．The first postage stamp had a picture of the Queen on it. |
Daily newspapers in Britain and the United States
Newspapers in Britain can be divided into the quality newspapers (more serious newspapers) and the popular newspapers. Quality newspapers are for readers who want full information on public things.
The Times is the most famous of the quality newspapers. It began in 1785.
In the United States, you can find the quality newspapers like The New York Times and The Washington Post.
| A．Around four million people read it every day. |
| B．Popular newspapers are also known as tabloids (小报) . |
| C．In Britain, there are also other quality newspapers. |
| D．They usually have the name of the city where they are produced. |
| E．They have home and international news, and financial (金融的) reports. |
| F．It is read by important people such as officers, lawyers and businessmen. |
| G．People can carry newspapers everywhere. |
A lot of health care are connected with being around trees.
They also do a great deal of good for the environment by reducing air pollution and taking in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
A tree’s ability to take in carbon dioxide is especially useful when the tree is in cities or towns, where there are too many industrial activities. For the study, the researchers used laser scanning methods to take their own carbon readings of trees from the ground as well as the air.
They determined that Camden had a media n carton density (浓度) of around 55 tons of carbon per hectare (t/ha). Greener areas of the borough, like Highgate Cemetery, had a carbon density of 380t/ha—levels that are typically seen in rainforests.
So what exactly does this mean? Trees could help cool the atmosphere by removing carbon dioxide from the air. However, some climate scientists argue that it’s more complicated (复杂的) than that.
| A．We need to protect the ones we already have. |
| B．These benefits aren’t just felt in the countryside, either. |
| C．For comparison, major cities in the US have a carbon density of 7.7. |
| D．They have been known to reduce people’s stress and improve overall mental health. |
| E．Then they compared their findings with the data from the UK Environment Agency. |
| F．They think the impact of tree-planting activities today may not be seen for many years. |
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