There is a clear difference between art and literature. Works of art and written pieces of literature are very different in how they connect to audience. Pictures are received information, while writing is perceived（察觉到）information. This means that art directly delivers（传递）one idea to an audience, while writing can have many different explanations by an audience from many angles（角度）. Many messages can be created and supported with texts by different readers from pieces of writing.

Pictures are simply black and white, delivering one single message or thought to someone looking at it. A person’s level of education does not have an effect on what they receive from looking at a picture. This is because art appeals to（吸引）the human sense of sight which all lucky humans are naturally born with. There is almost no chance to search for any other meanings just through looking at a picture repeatedly. There is only one line between a picture and the audience; therefore, art is received information.

On the other hand, writing is much deeper than just the words on a page. If two people of different education levels were to read the same piece of writing, they would have different opinions on what the piece meant because writing allows interpretation（阐释）. Writers are often trying to tell a story to the audience when they write. Stories are often told through writing while sending messages that teach lessons.

Literature contains perception（观念）which allows the audience to develop different understanding; however, a picture simply is what it is. Art is straightforward, while writings allow for free interpretation. Audiences can create their own ideas and opinions from literature, but everyone receives the same idea from a piece of art.

Aesop’s Fables《伊索寓言》is one of the most popular books among people of all ages. There are so many interesting animal stories in the book. Are the animals’ actions in the book true of those in real life?

Scientist Jo Wimpenny’s new book Aesop’s Animals will give us the answer. The book leads us ① learn about the science behind those old stories.

Jo got the idea of writing this book from 2009 study. At that time, two scientists were testing if the crows (乌鸦) in real life can use tools. In Aesop’s Fables, a crow drops stones into a pitcher (陶罐) to make the water level high enough for it to ② . Are the crows in real life as smart as it? The study had an exciting result. Jo took interest in it and went deep into it.

Jo did lots of studies and shared her interesting findings in the book Aesop’s Animals. In each part of the book. she tells a different fable and shares some interesting facts about animals’ actions. Some facts may challenge our opinions on the animal kingdom. For example, the wolves (狼) in Aesop’s Fables are always bad and live alone. Actually, in real life, wolves live in family groups. They are smart animals and work with their family to find food. There is so much to learn from this book. Don’t miss it.

If you live in Europe or the Americas, you likely pick up a fork every day and give no thought to it. Using it probably seems as natural as breathing. Yet compared with the knife and the spoon, which appeared very early, the fork is a latecomer to the table.

Researches show that the fork was first used in Ancient Egypt, China and Greece. Since the 4th century BC, the fork managed to become common on the tables of upper society in Eastern Europe and by the 9th century, it travelled to the Middle East and started being used by the upper class under the name “barjyn”. This enabled the fork to slowly become popular in these areas.

In the 11th century, the fork came to Italy in the dowry of a princess (王妃的嫁妆) from the Middle East who married an Italian official. After seeing the princess use the fork, the church strongly criticized her, saying that the fork disrespected the practice of using the fingers. Then the fork disappeared from the table for nearly 300 years. It began to get acceptance in Italy by the late 16th century, because the upper-class Italians expressed renewed interest in cleanliness. However, most European countries accepted the fork only by the 18th century and United States didn’t welcome it until the early 19th century.

During its life, the fork has changed in terms of appearance. In its early use, the fork had only two tines (齿). As the centuries went on, its design slowly started taking on a modern look. The fork that we know today, which has four tines, was introduced in the 18th century in Germany. By the early 20th century, the invention of stainless steel(不锈钢)enabled the fork to be made more easily. Since then, the fork hasn’t changed much in design.