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It’s hard to refuse hamburgers, French fries and all of the other junk food. However, eating too much junk food can harm your body, particularly if you’re between the ages of 10 and 19.

“Junk food shapes adolescent brains in ways that harm their ability to think, learn and remember. It can also make it harder to control impulsive behaviors,” said Amy Reichelt, at Western University, Canada. “It may even increase a teen’s risk of discouraging and anxious feelings.”

Reichelt and two other researchers reviewed more than 100 studies, about how poor food choices can affect adolescent brains. They found adolescents are more sensitive than any other age group to processed foods with a lot of fat and sugar as their brains are not yet fully formed.

Adolescent brains are still developing the ability to judge risks and control actions. The prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain that tells us we shouldn’t eat chips all the time and helps us control that desire. However, this region doesn’t fully develop until we are in our early 20s.

Meanwhile, teen brains get more excited from rewards. The parts of the brain that make us feel good when we do something enjoyable—like eating tasty foods—are fully developed by the teen years.

In fact, these regions are even more sensitive when we are young. That’s because dopamine, a natural chemical that lifts our mood when we experience something good, is especially active in adolescent brains.

Therefore, the teen brain has two attacks against it when it comes to saying no to junk food. “It has an increased drive for rewards and reduced self-control,” said Reichelt.

Reichelt and her team did their own study using mice, whose brains develop much like our own. They discovered that the “teenage” mice that had a high-fat diet performed worse on memory tests than those eating a normal diet. Researchers said the high-fat diet may make the mice’s prefrontal cortex work less effectively.

So, _________________? The answer is exercise. When we exercise, the brain’s reward system becomes less sensitive to food. Exercise also helps the body to make a protein that helps brain cells grow and boosts connections between the prefrontal cortex and other brain regions. The prefrontal cortex thus can work better to help us make wise decisions and control our impulses.

【小题1】What is the purpose of the first two paragraphs?
A.To explain the dangers of junk food.B.To analyze why junk food is hard to refuse.
C.To figure out what junk food is.D.To show the connection between food and brains.
【小题2】What makes it harder for young people to say no to junk food according to the study?
A.Their desire to take risks.B.Their overactive brains.
C.Their still-developing prefrontal cortex.D.The low level of dopamine in their brains.
【小题3】Which sentence can be put in the ________ in the last paragraph?
A.what is the result of the experiment on mice
B.how does junk food affect adolescent brains
C.why do we need sensitive prefrontal cortex
D.what’s the best way to say no to junk food
【小题4】Which can be the best title for this passage?
A.Food for ThoughtB.Exercise: the Best for Brains
C.Adolescent BrainsD.Healthy Food for Teens
2021·浙江温州·一模
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Do you have a headache? Take an aspirin or eat bird brains. Do you want beautiful skin? Use skin cream or eat pearls. Is your hair turning gray? Color your hair or eat black rice.
“Eat bird brains, pearls, and black rice?” some people ask. “How strange!” But for many Chinese people, bird brains, pearls, and black rice are not strange things to eat. Instead, they are good medicines.
Food that people use for medicines is called medical(药用的) food. The Chinese have eaten medicinal food and spices(香辛料) for centuries. Ginger, for example, is a common spice in Chinese cooking. Ginger gives food a nice flavor. The Chinese began to use ginger many years ago. They used ginger not because it tasted good. They used ginger because it was medicinal. Ginger, they thought, was good for the digestion. It also helped people who had colds. Pepper and garlic, too, were probably medicines a long time ago.
Some people don’t believe that food and spices are good medicines. They want to buy their medicine in drugstores, not in supermarkets. Other people want to try medicinal food. They say, “Maybe medicinal food can’t help me. But it can’t hurt me, either.”
People can try medicinal food at a Chinese restaurant in San Francisco, California. The restaurant serves medicinal food. The menus at the restaurant have a list of dinners. Next to each dinner there is information about the food. The information helps people order “Queen’s Secret,” for example, is one dinner at the restaurant. This dinner has meat from chickens with black feathers. It is for women who want to look young.
【小题1】Why did the Chinese begin to use ginger many years ago?
A.Because it gave food different flavors
B.Because it made food more delicious
C.Because it was good for people’s health
D.Because it made people feel cold
【小题2】Which answer to the following questions can be found out from the passage?
A.When did the Chinese start to eat bird brains?
B.Why do women like”Queen’s Secrets”?
C.What is the advantage of using pepper?
D.How do Chinese people stop a toothache?
【小题3】What is the best title for the text?
A.The Medicinal Food
B.To Eat More Delicious Food
C.The Most Effective Medicine
D.Find a Good Place to Have Food

As people all over the world struggled with higher levels of stress, depression and anxiety this past year, many turned to their favorite comfort foods: ice cream, pizza, hamburgers. But studies in recent years suggest that the high-sugar and high-fat foods when we are stressed or depressed, as comforting as they may seem, are the least likely to be good for our mental (精神上的) health. Instead, whole foods such as vegetables, fruit, fish, eggs, nuts may be a better bet.

Historically, nutrition research has paid much attention to how the foods we eat influence our physical (身体上的) health, rather than our mental health, though. Over the years, large population studies have found that people who are asked to follow a Mediterranean diet for three months had greater reductions in symptoms of depression after three months compared to a control group. Public health professors around the world have started encouraging people to take and use lifestyle behaviors like exercise, sound sleep, a heart-healthy diet and avoiding smoking that may reduce inflammation (发炎) and have advantages for the brain. Individual clinicians (临床医师) are already including nutrition into their work with patients. Dr. Drew Ramsey, a clinical professor at the Columbia University, begins his meetings with new patients by exploring their diet. He asks what they eat, learns their favorite foods, and finds out if foods that he considers important for the connection are missing from their diets, such as plants, seafood.

Dr. Ramsey said he didn’t want people to think that the only factor involved in brain health is food. “Lots of people get their food exactly right, live very active lives, and still have many troubles with their mental health,” he said. But he also teaches people that food can be empowering. “We can’t control our genes,” he said. “But we can control how we eat, and that gives people actionable things that they can do to take care of their brain health on a daily basis.”

【小题1】What do previous (以前的) nutrition studies mainly pay attention to?
A.How our diets influence our mental health.B.How our diets influence our physical health.
C.How our mental health influences our diets.D.How our physical health influences our diets.
【小题2】Why are individual clinicians including nutrition into their work with patients?
A.They try to satisfy their patients’ needs.
B.They are questioning public health professors.
C.They want to prove the value of healthy diets.
D.They have accepted the findings of large population studies.
【小题3】Which of the following might Dr. Ramsey agree with?
A.Some connection lives between our diets and mental health.
B.People can control their genes as well as how they eat.
C.People living active lives will not have mental problems.
D.Eating a healthy diet is going to cure depression.

Bottled water has become the choice for people who are healthy and thirsty. Bottled water is all over the world. But some say the planet's health and people's health may be suffering from it.

The idea that bottled water is safer for humans may not be true. The Natural Resources Defense Council of America said. "There is no promise that because water comes out of a bottle, it is cleaner or safer than water from the tap." Another New York City-based action group added that some bottled water is "really just tap water in a bottle—sometimes cleaner, sometimes not."

It is not tested that bottled water is better than tap water. Nick Reeves from the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management said, "The high mineral content(矿物质含量) of some bottled water makes them not good for feeding babies and young children. "Also, most bottled water doesn't have fluoride(氟化物), which can make teeth stronger. Kids are drinking more bottled water and less fluoridated tap water, and some say that's behind the recent rise in bad teeth.

Storing is another problem. Placed near heat, the plastic bottles can produce bad chemicals into the water. Store bottled water appropriately. Bottled water, like many foods and drinks, should be stored in the appropriate way to keep the quality and safety of the product. Keep bottled water out of the light and heat.

According to the Environmental Protection Agency, some 2.7 million tons of plastic are used worldwide to bottle water each year. The plastic can take between 400 and 1,000 years to break down.

For energy use, plastic bottles are also not cheap. One report said that if water and drink bottlers had used 10 percent recycled materials in their plastic bottles, they would have saved about 72 million gallons of gas.

So, if you are worried about the effect of bottled water on the earth, you can take the following four steps:

Step 1. Drink from your tap. Unless your government warns against this, it should be fine.

Step 2. Get a container(容器). Carry your tap water in a steel or a lined drinking container, and clean it between uses.

Step 3. Keep it cool. Don't drink from a bottle that has been sitting in the sun, don't store it near chemicals, and don't reuse plastic bottles.

Step 4. Choose glass containers over plastic if possible. When finished, recycle!

【小题1】What can we learn about bottled water from the passage?
A.Plastic bottles are not expensive to make.
B.It is tested that bottled water have high fluoride.
C.Bottled water may cause the rise in bad teeth.
D.The plastic can be broken down in less than 400 years.
【小题2】According to the passage, the writer probably agrees that _________.
A.bottled water is safer and cleaner than tap water for humans
B.plastic bottles can produce bad chemicals into the water in cool places
C.babies and young children need bottled water with high mineral content
D.gas can be saved if water and drink bottlers had used recycled plastic bottles
【小题3】The writer mentions the four steps to show that _________.
A.we can do something to reduce the bad effect of bottled water
B.we can improve the bottled water by storing it in right places
C.the government is against people to drink tap water in recent years
D.scientists can invent some new materials to produce bottled water
【小题4】What is the best title of the passage?
A.Bottled water and tap water.
B.Be careful to drink bottled water.
C.The disadvantages of bottled water.
D.How to drink bottled water safely.

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