Thirty years ago, if you looked down from a plane at the east coast of Australia, you would be greeted by the breathtaking beauty of the Great Barrier Reef (大堡礁), the world's largest coral reef. It stretched for over 2,600 kilometres in the blue sea, containing countless corals and small islands. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981.
However, this natural wonder of the world is being taken away from us. Coral cover in the Great Barrier Reef has dropped by more than half over the last 28 years, The Guardian reported. “If the trend continues, coral cover could halve again by 2022,” said Peter Doherty, researcher at the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS). So unless we start acting now, there won’t be any “heritage” left in the future.
Coral reefs are an important part of the ocean’s ecosystem. They are a source of food, and act as protection for young fish. But in the past three decades they have been under threat around the world mainly from increased storms, a growing number of crownofthorns starfish and coral bleaching (褪色).
Storm damage caused nearly half of the coral losses. In the past seven years, the reef has been affected by six major storms, each leaving a trail (痕迹) of destruction.
The crownofthorns starfish is also causing problems. Scientists believe that runoffs (地表径流) containing a large amount of fertilizers have caused the population boost of this coraleating animal. Outbreaks of crownofthorns starfish usually start two or three years after major floods in northern rivers.
Coral bleaching accounts for about 10 per cent of coral damage. It is usually due to ocean acidification (酸化) and rising temperatures because sea water absorbs more carbon dioxide from the air. This disrupts the corals' ability to grow and build structures.
The good news is that corals can recover if given the chance. But this is slow. And the future of the ocean’s coral is largely in human hands.
“We can’t stop the storms…But we can achieve better water quality, and we can deal with the challenge of crownofthorns starfish,” says John Gunn, CEO of AIMS. “However, its future also lies with the global response to reducing carbon dioxide emissions (排放). ”
【小题1】What can we learn about the Great Barrier Reef from the article?A.As the world’s second largest coral reef, the Great Barrier Reef was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. |
B.The Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its coral cover since 28 years ago. |
C.At the present rate of loss, the coral cover will reduce by another 30 per cent within a decade. |
D.Coral reefs are an important part of the ocean's ecosystem and can prevent ocean acidification. |
A.at risk | B.out of sight |
C.in demand | D.beyond recognition |
a. Improve water quality.
b. Reduce global carbon dioxide emissions.
c. Disrupt the coraleating starfish’s ability to build structures.
d. Control the population of the crownofthorns starfish.
e. Make ocean absorb more carbon dioxide from the air.
A.a, b, c | B.a, b, d |
C.a, c, e | D.b, d, e |
Autumntime
① I saw my first tree today. Dad finally broke down and took us to East Boston Urban Center after Mom had been harping on it for the past two weeks. I think he was glad we went after all because he was smiling quietly all during the trip back.
② Dad used to tell me stories about the trees that still existed when he was a boy. There weren’t very many even then, with the urbanization program in full swing, but most people had seen at least one tree by the time they started school. It wasn’t like nowadays, at any rate. Oh, I’ve seen the plastic trees; practically every street has a few of them. But you can tell the plastic ones are artificial just from looking at pictures in the microdot library.
③ This morning when we got up, the house was all excited. Mom dialed a light breakfast of toast and synthetic milk so that we wouldn’t waste time eating. And when finished, the three of us took an elevator bus up to the fourth level, where we caught the air track to Brooklyn. From there we took another elevator bus down to the main level, rode the monorail to Intercity Subway Station 27, and caught the second sublevel AA train to Boston. Our expectations were so high that Dad and I didn’t mind it when Mom told us again how the tree was discovered.
④ The O’Brien home was one of the few examples of old—style wooden structures that hadn’t been pulled down in Boston’s urban—renewal campaign at the turn of the century. The family had been able to avoid this because of its wealth and political influence, and the house was passed on through several generations to the present. Old man O’Brien had no heirs, so when he died, the family home went up for auction (拍卖), and the Urban Center bought it. When local officials arrived for an appraisal, they discovered that the house had a backyard, which is forbidden by zoning restrictions.
⑤ In the yard was a live tree—an oke was what Mom called it. When the news of the tree’s discovery leaked out, quite a few sightseers stopped by to have a look at it, and the local government, realizing the money—making potential, began charging admission fees and advertising the place. By now it had become a favorite spot for school field trips and family excursions such as ours.
⑥ When we arrived in main Boston we rode the elevator bus up to ground level and caught a monorail out to East Boston Urban Center. An air—cush taxi took us the rest of the way to the place.
⑦ The home itself was unimpressive. It had none of the marble gloss or steely sheen of modern buildings, but was rather a dull white color, with the paint peeling in places. Dad paid the admission fee, and we spent the next 15 minutes on a dull guided tour of the house. ‘The rooms were roped off to keep people from touching anything, but there were no windows facing the illegal backyard anyway, so it really didn’t matter that I couldn’t enter the rooms on that side.
⑧ My mind was on the tree, and I thought the inside tour would never end, but soon we were walking through a doorway hidden in one of the bookshelves and into the backyard. The yard was big—at least 10 by 20 feet, and I was surprised to find real grass growing on the sides of the concrete walkway built for tourists. The grass didn’t distract me for long, however, because I just couldn’t help noticing the tree!
⑨ It was located at one end of the yard, and there was a mesh fence around it for protection. It was similar in form to the plastic trees I’d seen, but there was much more to it than that. You could see details more intricate than in any artificial plant. And it was alive. Long ago someone had carved their initials in the bark, and you could see where the wound had healed. But best of all was the smell. It was a fresh, living odor, alien to the antiseptic world outside with all its metal, plastic, and glass. I wanted to touch the bark, but the fence prevented me from doing so. Mom and Dad just breathed deeply and stared up with smiles on their faces. The three of us stood there for a moment, and then the tour guide told us to make room for the next group. I didn’t want to go—in fact, I felt almost like crying.
⑩ On the way back home, Mom and Dad were silent, and I read through one of the brochures the guide had passed out. When I came to the part that said the O’Brien home would be open only for the rest of this year, I was sad. They intend to tear down the place to make room for some kind of insurance building, and the tree will have to go, too. For the rest of the trip, I just sat still, fingering the object in my pocket that I had picked off the grass in the O’Brien’s backyard. I think it’s called an acorn (橡子).
【小题1】According to the passage, the O’Brien home was not destroyed at the turn of the century because ________.A.a secret passageway was found in the library |
B.the family had wealth and political influence |
C.a tree was found in the backyard of the home |
D.the home had historical and architectural value |
A.It is the oldest known tree in the city. |
B.It belonged to a family with privileges. |
C.“Oke” trees are an especially rare species. |
D.There are very few real trees remaining. |
A.The narrator is excited by nature, but not deeply affected by it. |
B.The narrator is impressed with the beauty of nature. |
C.The narrator prefers the world of steel to the world of nature. |
D.The narrator is unaccustomed to nature and tries to keep a distance. |
A.Technological progress and urbanization come at a cost. |
B.Economic profits overweigh environmental protection. |
C.There is no point in preserving nature in the urbanization process. |
D.Nature is resilient and there’s no need to worry about it. |
Elephants On The Move
Over the past couple weeks, like many, I have been keeping close tabs on the wandering Asian elephants in southwest Yunnan Province.
To divert the elephants from densely populated towns and cities, local people have erected barriers in some places and installed electronic fences in others. To ensure the fences are safe, workers initially tested them on themselves. Most of the time people resort to more subtle tactics, such as leaving trucks of maize and pineapples in select locations to lead the animals to less- inhabited areas.
Promoting an ecological civilization has always been high on the government’s agenda. Since 1958 when the country set up one of its earliest national nature reserves in Xishuangbanna to protect elephants, more than 10 new reserves have been created, covering 4,253 square kilometers.
Thanks to protective measures, over the past three decades the number of wild Asian elephants in Yunnan has doubled from 150 to 300. During the 1990s, they were primarily found in 14 towns, but this number has grown to 55.
The gradual expansion of the species over a larger area, while a sign of improving ecology, also fuels the need for more food, which increases instances of encroachment (蚕食) on farmers’ plants. Local governments are studying how to compensate farmers who have suffered losses as a result of the migrating pachyderms.
A.For one thing, the information is a testament to the meticulous (小心翼翼的) efforts local governments have made to ensure safe passage for the migrating mammals. |
B.In a certain sense, all these facts and figures speak volumes for the heightened ecological awareness and capacities of local governments and people. |
C.The effectiveness of these efforts can be seen in their dietary changes. |
D.In a dramatic way, the elephants’ tour is educational, offering researchers and residents alike an intimate glimpse of their behavioral patterns. |
E.As the giants continue their tour, they would be noted by more people, with a strong ecological message about people and elephants living in harmony. |
F.Thanks to coordinated efforts between local governments, a lot of timely measures have been taken. |
The words “protect animals” appear everywhere in books and on screens, because some animals are even in danger of dying out. But sometimes the reality can be a little different from what people read or watch.
About 300 black bears were killed in Florida, the US, in October, 2015. It’s been the first bear hunt in the state since 1994. Local officers explained that the black bear population had grown to 3,500 and become a menace to local people. In the past two years, bears have hurt at least four people in Florida.
Months ago, the Swiss government allowed locals to kill a wolf. This was because the wolf killed 38 sheep, and it was a great loss to some local farmers. Days ago in China, three old men were caught by the police for killing a serow (鬣羚), a kind of protected animal. They said they killed the animal because it ate the plants they grew.
However, these stories don’t always mean that animal protection stops because of human interests especially when it is related to economic development. A man named Zhou Weisen set up a wild animal base in Guilin, Guangxi. He saved over 170 tigers and about 300 bears. His base also offered jobs to local people.
“There may never be a standard answer to the question of whether we should give more attention to the environment or human development,” said Robert May, a British expert at Oxford University. “But we shouldn’t push either one to the side, as the future is uncertain.”
【小题1】In October, 2015, Florida held its first bear hunt after about ___________.A.five years | B.ten years |
C.fourteen years | D.twenty-one years |
A.threat | B.chance |
C.bargain | D.treasure |
A.Protecting animals needs hard work. |
B.Zhou was good at feeding wild animal. |
C.Zhou had a good relationship with local people. |
D.Protecting animals can bring economic development. |
A.Human development should be considered first. |
B.We should pay more attention to animal protection. |
C.We should consider both the environment and human interests. |
D.It’s difficult to find proper ways to solve environmental problems. |
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