People diet to look more attractive. Fish diet to avoid being beaten up, thrown out of their social group, and getting eaten as a result. That is the fascinating conclusion of the latest research into fish behavior by a team of Australian scientists.
The research team have discovered that subordinate (下级的) fish voluntarily diet to avoid challenging their larger competitors. "In studying gobies(鰕虎鱼) we noticed that only the largest two individuals, a male and female, had breeding (繁殖) rights within the group," explains Marian Wong. "All other group members are nonbreeding females, each being 5-10% smaller than its next largest competitor. We wanted to find out how they maintain this precise size separation. "
The reason for the size difference was easy to see. Once a subordinate fish grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor, it causes a fight which usually ends in the smaller goby being driven away from the group. More often than not, the evicted fish is then eaten up.
It appeared that the smaller fish were keeping themselves small in order to avoid challenging the boss fish. Whether they did so voluntarily, by restraining how much they ate, was not clear. The research team decided to do an experiment. They tried to fatten up some of the subordinate gobies to see what happened. To their surprise, the gobies simply refused the extra food they were offered, clearly preferring to remain small and avoid fights, over having a feast.
The discovery challenges the traditional scientific view of how boss individuals keep their position in a group. Previously it was thought that large individuals simply used their weight and size to threaten their subordinates and take more of the food for themselves, so keeping their competitors small.
While the habits of gobies may seem a little mysterious, Dr. Wong explains that understanding the relationships between boss and subordinate animals is important to understanding how hierarchical(等级的) societies remain stable.
The research has proved the fact that voluntary dieting is a habit far from exclusive(专有的) to humans. "As yet, we lack a complete understanding of how widespread the voluntary reduction of food intake is in nature," the researchers comment. "Data on human dieting suggests that, while humans generally diet to improve health or increase attractiveness, rarely does it improve long-term health and males regularly prefer females that are fatter, than the females' own ideal."
【小题1】When a goby grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor, it _________.A.faces danger | B.has breeding rights |
C.eats its competitor | D.leaves the group itself |
A.the fish beaten up | B.the fish found out |
C.the fish fattened up | D.the fish driven away |
A.fought over a feast | B.went on diet willingly |
C.preferred some extra food | D.challenged the boss fish |
If you believe in thermometers(温度计),you should believe in global warming. And if you believe in eating fries with your burger, you should worry more about carbon emissions.
It won't happen overnight, but as the planet's climate changes, the growth cycles of main crops will all be heavily affected .Here are three of the crops that might not beat the heat.
The potato actually needs a great deal of beauty rest to develop properly. “They need a cool nighttime temperature in order to start growing the tuber, the part that we eat,” Nelson says.
Temperature and altitude are two primary concerns in coffee growth, and farmers are stuck between a rock and a hard place. “We know that coffee grows in a certain temperature range,” Nelson says. “They've been moving up the mountains, but at some paint you run out of mountains to move up.” Higher-grade strains of Arabica coffee in Central American regions are at particular risk due to the need for lower growing temperature, especially since diseases and pests are also becoming more of a factor as temperatures rise.
Even if you're looking at the direct effects of temperature alone, rice is in trouble. “As nighttime temperatures go up ,the rice is going to have a problem flowering and won't make as many seeds,” Nelson says. In addition to this direct heat consequence, rising sea levels will flood many rice fields and destroy water salinity levels, while droughts will lower production, raise prices, and further shame westerners who are too clumsy with chopsticks to be able to clear their plates once a new grain is adopted.
【小题1】What is the closest meaning to the underlined word “emissions” in Paragraph 1?A.Mixture. | B.Pollution. |
C.Going down. | D.Letting off. |
A.Enough water and salt. | B.Cool temperature at night. |
C.Much sunshine and fresh air. | D.Sudden rise of the temperature. |
A.sea levels go up suddenly | B.the temperature rises at night |
C.many seeds can't be produced | D.both temperature and altitude rise |
A.How Does Global Warming Affect Westerners |
B.How Does The Cool Temperature Affect Ride |
C.What Is The Real Reason For Crops' Growth |
D.Three Crops That Won't Survive Minor Climate Changes |
The cicada(蝉)has an interesting life cycle, but most of us only become aware of these insects in summer when they reach adulthood and begin their calls.
When the eggs hatch, the larvae(幼虫)drop to the ground and live under the soil.
The Golden Emperor, whose call is quite different from others, is one of Australia's biggest and prettiest cicadas.
A.Not all cicadas have simple, loud noise. |
B.This act makes their calls the only sign that they are still around. |
C.The larvae attach themselves to tree roots and feed on their liquid. |
D.When they have become mature, they come out of the soil as a group. |
E.Their songs call on female to fly to them and fight for next generation. |
F.If that happens, they will fly away and go to some place that they really love. |
G.Their call starts with two notes and then rises sharply before it suddenly drops down. |
Baby deer, also known as fawns, are born with white spots on their body, especially in the first few weeks of their life when they are incapable of moving. Basically, fawns with spots managed to survive more than fawns without spots. This gene has become dominant, and now, most fawns are born with spots.
Their mother generally hides the young babies in deep bushes, high grasslands, or under plants in the woods. The white spots on their reddish-brown body fur allow them to mix easily with the forest surroundings and don’t make them to stand out, avoiding them from getting discerned easily.
More than the color, the pattern of these spots on the baby deer’s body is also of more importance. This is because the majority of the animal species, particularly those living out in the wild don’t have a great color vision, especially when compared to humans. The pattern of the white spots on the fawns helps them to hide among the tall grass and bushes and prevents them from easily getting spotted from a distance. The sun enter deep into the forest, through the branches and leaves of tall trees, and creates a pattern of darker and lighter zones on the forest ground, much like spots on a fawn.
Moreover, they don’t bear any kind of smell during this phase of their life which further helps them in avoiding detection. Along with this, they have got a strong sense to observe the presence of hunters nearby, after which they can lower their heartbeat. This further helps them to hide and be perfectly still.
Undoubtedly, spots on the fawn’s body are a method of protection to fawns. Once they survive the initial few weeks in this world, they become capable of moving around on their own and hence don’t require the extra layer of safety, the white spots start to fade from their body.
【小题1】What does the underlined word “discerned” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A.Polluted. | B.Rescued. |
C.Detected. | D.Revealed. |
A.Because it helps the defenseless fawns stay safe. |
B.Because it helps wildlife improve their color sense. |
C.Because it allows the sunlight to get through forest. |
D.Because it prohibits fawns hiding in the bushy grass. |
A.By giving different kinds of examples. |
B.By describing the changes in space order. |
C.By pointing out similarities and differences. |
D.By showing facts and explaining reasons. |
A.When do Baby Deer Lose White Spots? |
B.Why do Baby Deer Have White Spots? |
C.How do Mother Deer Find Their Fawns? |
D.How do Mother Deer Protect Baby Deer? |
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