Rumors(谣言):we’ve all heard some and we’ve all spread some. In more traditional times they shook entire families. Today, they circulate differently because the way we share information has also changed.
The fact is that rumors have great potential to upset things, whether socially or personally. We don’t enjoy being on the receiving end of one, since they usually don’t have good intentions. They are somewhat veiled(掩饰的) messages.
Normally rumors are oral messages: word of mouth. The paradox(自相矛盾) is that there is no evidence to support rumors, but the more people share it, the more they see it as true. To finish defining rumors, we think that they follow certain very clear laws. Secrecy:The source is unknown. There is also a proven phenomenon that human beings usually forget the source of a message before they forget its content. Certainty: We hardly question rumors simply because of the mental effort involved. On the other hand, no one likes to doubt a person who convinces us that the information they spread is true. Change: It acts like a tree. New rumors branch out to fill in the gaps left by the initial rumor.
Another property of rumors is that they tend to become viral. Each receiver is at the same time a potential transmitter of the information. The receiver often adds their own opinion. Their manner and tone of transmitting it also changes it.
How can we end rumors? The answer is as simple as it is impossible: preventing people from communicating. A more realistic response is equally difficult, although less than the first one. It is that we should be critical of the information we receive. We should ask ourselves if the source is reliable. Ask (if possible) the person you heard it from whether they also trust the information. We should also think about if the rumor benefits someone, and if that someone started the rumor.
One rumor to be especially cautious of is a rumor about groups relatively unable to defend themselves. That’s why we say, “history is always told by the victors.” The first payment the defeated must make is to accept the victor’s version of the story.
【小题1】What’s the author’s attitude towards rumors?A.Critical. | B.Positive. |
C.Approving. | D.Cautious. |
A.We have all heard some and believed them. |
B.We’re happy to be the receiving end of them. |
C.They may have negative influence on society. |
D.They often hide good intentions in the messages. |
A.Rumors keep changing, just as trees change their color. |
B.Rumors are deeply rooted in reality, like tree roots in the earth. |
C.New rumors have gaps, like the space between tree branches. |
D.New rumors grow out of the original, like branches out of a trunk. |
A.Something easily spread | B.Something acceptable |
C.Something easily defended. | D.Something beneficial. |
A.It is easy to prevent people from spreading rumors. |
B.People are often active in judging the rumors critically. |
C.We should think about the hidden message of the rumors. |
D.Stories told by the victors are usually better worth trusting. |
What makes us love some things and hate others? We know that sometimes even the tiniest change can result in a huge difference in how we perceive something, so is there any rhyme or reason to our tastes and preferences? Here are three factors which play a role.
1. Conforming to expectation
In London a few years ago, two talented rappers called Silibil N' Brains took to the stage to perform at a music industry show for unsigned bands. They were an instant hit. Their outrageous West Coast - American style, brilliant rap lyrics and couldn't - care - less attitude had the music industry's talent spotters falling over themselves to sign the pair. In a short space of time, Silibil N’ Brains had a deal with a top management company, a contract with a major record label and an advance of $70,000 -- and they hadn’t even made a record. Before long, they were on tour with Eminem and out partying with Madonna. They were living the dream.
But two years ago the same two rappers were laughed off stage by the same talent spotters for singing the same sons. So what was the difference? Amazingly, it was their accent. You see, Silibil N' Brains weren't, in fact, from West Coast U. S. A. at all. They were from Dundee in Scotland. During the first audition they had used their Scottish accents when rapping and it had not gone down well. ''They just laughed at us, '' recalled Brains. ''We were heartbroken. We went back to Scotland with our tail between our legs''. The lesson for them was that to succeed, you have to conform to expectations and at that time everyone expected rappers to be American.
2. The benefit of hindsight
Some people are simply ahead of their time. It's common knowledge that Vincent van Gogh sold only one painting in his lifetime -the other 900 or so were unknown and unloved until after his death. Monet’s paintings. at least in his early career, was considered incomplete and ugly by critics at the time, while Vermeer, the painter of Girl With a Pearl Earring, even had to use his mother-in-law as a guarantor when he borrowed money -- so unable was he to sell any of his work! Now that public taste has caught up with these artists, more or less anything they touched has an astronomical price tag attached to it. Perhaps the reason is that it just takes a while to get used to something - after all, not all beauty is obvious at first sight.
3. A reassuring price tag
In a world where the range of products on offer can be completely bewildering, we often look to price as an indication of quality. We may think we prefer the expensive wine to the cheap one, but we may simply be influenced by the price tag. Even professionals can make the mistake. A researcher from the University of Bordeaux in France took an average bottle of red wine and poured it into two empty bottles, on with an expensive label and the other with a cheap one. Then he invited 57 wine ''experts'' to taste the wine. Forty of them recommended the wine from the expensive bottle, describing it as ''agreeable'', ''complex'', ''balanced'' and ''rounded''. while the same wine from the expensive bottle, describing it as ''agreeable'', ''complex'', ''balanced'' and ''rounded'', while the same wine from the cheap bottle was described as ''weak'' and ''flat'', with only 12 of the experts recommending it. The study made the researcher unpopular with the French wine tasters, but he did prove that price has a significant impact on taste.
【小题1】Which of the following statements about Silibil N’ Brains is true?A.Talent spotters fell in love with them at first sight. |
B.They are from the West Coast of America |
C.Their success was attributed to behaving and sounding like American rappers. |
D.They were friends with famous stars like Madonna even before they succeeded. |
A.their first audition proved a failure |
B.they felt proud of their performance |
C.they learned a valuable lesson |
D.being humble might contribute to their future success |
A.some artists are better known when they are alive than when they are dead |
B.public taste usually falls behind famous artists |
C.beauty at first sight lasts much longer |
D.Monet's paintings are priceless because of their incompleteness |
A.A price tag always fails to indicate the quality of a product. |
B.A price tag is less likely to confuse customers than the packaging. |
C.Low price will make the wine unpopular with tasters |
D.A price tag will cloud a person’s judgement of something. |
“Find your passion!” is an appeal well-intended and meant to inspire. But is it good advice?
“Finding” a passion implies that it already exists and is simply waiting to be discovered. Unfortunately, this idea doesn’t square with what science tells us. Instead, passions are developed. They often begin with a spark (火花) of curiosity caused by something in one’s environment, such as a fascinating physics lecture. Through a process involving repeated engagement and-positive experiences, people can come to personally value that content or activity and internalize it. What was at first interesting becomes an interest. If these qualities continue to intensify, a passion can emerge.
Actually, assuming passion as inborn tend to cause people to be less open, less courageous in the face of challenges and less creative in pursuit of new interests. Thus, encouraging people to “find” their passion may cause them to eventually believe that interests and passions are unchangeable. People who think this have a fixed mindset of interest. By contrast, some people, whom we refer to as having a growth mindset of interest, view their interests and passions as developed.
People with a fixed mindset of interest, for example, may fall into the trap of thinking, “If I have already found my passion, why keep exploring?” In recent studies, after engaging in a new science task, arts students with a fixed mindset expressed less interest in a scientific topic than arts students with a growth mindset. Meanwhile, science students with a fixed mindset responded similarly to an art-related task. For those with a growth mindset, having a strong pre-existing interest in the arts or sciences did not get in the way of them viewing a new area as interesting.
Worse still, people with a fixed mindset of interest tend to expect their passions to provide limitless motivation, such that their favorite topics should never feel too difficult or demanding. Such a mindset can also limit creativity and innovation. If people believe they are restricted to only a few inborn interests and, in consequence, do not explore other areas, they may miss seeing important connections across different fields. That loss is especially unfortunate considering how leaders at innovative companies have long prized problem-solving that draw ideas from diverse disciplines.
Of course, not every activity will become a burning passion. But a growth mindset of interest will help you remain open and curious. The old saying “find something you love to do, and you’ll never have to work a day in your life” needs to be updated.
【小题1】The author uses the sentence underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________.A.set a target for criticism | B.point out the fact |
C.confirm people’s finding | D.voice his opinion |
A.Any interesting activity can spark a passion. |
B.Companies prefer those who specialize in one field. |
C.People with a fixed mindset of interest are hard to be motivated. |
D.A growth mindset of interest promotes creativity and innovation. |
A.One should count on luck to excite a burning passion. |
B.Reinforced positive experiences contribute to passion. |
C.Those already interested in a field find new areas boring. |
D.We’d better cherish the existing passion and look for more. |
A Brown University sleep researcher has some advice for people who run high schools: Don't start classes so early in the morning. It may not be that the students whonod offat their desks are lazy. And it may not be that their parents have failed to make sure bedtime. Instead, it may be that biologically these sleepyhead students aren't used to the early hour. "Maybe these kids are being asked to get up at the wrong time for their bodies, " says Mary Carskadon, a professor looking at problems of adolescent sleep at Brown's School of Medicine.
Carskadon is trying to understand more about the effects of early school time in adolescents. And , at a more basic level, she and her team are trying to learn more about how the biological changes of adolescence affect sleep needs and patterns. Carskadon says her work suggests that adolescents may need more sleep than they did at childhood, no less, as commonly thought. Sleep patterns change during adolescence, as any parent of an adolescent can prove. Most adolescents prefer to stay up later at night and sleep later in the morning. But it's not just a matter of choice—their bodies are going through a change of sleep patterns.
All of this makes the change from middle school to high school—which may start one hour earlier in the morning—all the more difficult, Carskadon says. With their increased need for sleep and their biological clocks set on the "sleep late, rise late" pattern, adolescents are up against difficulties when it comes to trying to be up by 5 or 6 a. m. for a 7: 30 a. m. first bell. A short sleep on a desktop may be their bodies' way of saying, "I need a timeout. "
【小题1】Carskadon suggests that high schools should not start classes so early in the morning because ________.A.it is really tough for parents to ensure bedtime |
B.students are so lazy that they don't like to go to school early |
C.students work so late at night that they can't get up early |
D.it is biologically difficult for students to rise early |
A.turn around | B.agree with others |
C.fall asleep | D.refuse to work |
A.Adolescents depend more on their parents. |
B.Adolescents need more sleep than they used to. |
C.Adolescents sleep better than they did at childhood. |
D.Adolescents have to choose their sleep patterns. |
A.Changes in adolescent sleep needs and patterns. |
B.Problems in adolescent learning. |
C.Adolescent sleep difficulties. |
D.Adolescent health care. |
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