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Talking to human-like devices can be great fun - just ask Siri to tell you a joke. But it may also lead to problems.

A recent study by scientists from the University of Kansas (KU) in the US found that human-like devices keep people from seeking out normal human interaction when they feel lonely.

During a series of experiments, participants were asked to write about a time when they felt lonely. They also took part in an online game of “catch” against a computer program that was designed to “throw” the ball other player more often, but participants believed they were playing with real people online.

Participants were then introduced to human-like products, including a vacuum cleaner (真空吸尘器) designed to appear as if it were smiling. They were also asked to think about their phone in human-like terms, considering questions like “how much does it help you?”

The results showed that the participants were happy with the comfort they got from the machines and didn’t need to seek out normal human interaction.

Generally, when people feel socially excluded, they seek out other ways to reduce the feeling of loneliness. Normal ways include increasing their number of social media friends or engaging in behaviors to seek out interaction with other people, according to Jenny Olson, assistant professor of marketing at KU.

But it wasn’t all bad news, as the team found that there were limits to how far this effect would extend.

“As soon as we tell people we know that it looks like the [vacuum cleaner] is smiling, they seemed to realize it was a machine and not a person,” Olson told Daily Mail. “The effect goes away. This seems to happening on a very subconscious level.”

Researchers believe the results are important for consumers to realize how these types of products could affect their social interaction with real people, especially because so many new products feature interactivity.

“If someone notices they are talking more to Siri lately, maybe that has something to do with felling lonely,” Olson said. “From that standpoint, it’s important to be aware of it.”

The study could also help companies design products that can increase the well-being of people who feel lonely, without sacrificing normal social interaction.

“Maybe it is more about improving our current relationships,” Olson said, “such as taking a break from screen time and focusing on developing your real personal connections.”

【小题1】Researcher from the University of Kansas found that _______.
A.human-like devices may help people interact with others.
B.interaction with human-like devices may make people feel lonely.
C.lonely people may easily become addicted to human-like devices.
D.human-like devices may reduce people’s social interaction in real life.
【小题2】During the experiments, participants _______.
A.were allowed to talk with human-like devices.
B.were shown devices with human features.
C.played online games with both machines and real people.
D.were encouraged to engage in normal human interaction.
【小题3】The underlined phrase “this effect” in Paragraph 7 refers to the fact that _______.
A.lonely people are more likely to seek out interaction with other people.
B.lonely people are content to only interact with human-like machines.
C.the feeling of loneliness deepens as people interact more with human-like devices.
D.People who are socially excluded would get uninterested in socializing.
【小题4】What is the significance of the study according to Jenny Olson?
A.It shows people why human-like products make them feel lonely.
B.It warns people to stop using human-like devices completely and focus on real social interaction.
C.It may help the well-being of people who fell lonely and improve their current relationships.
D.It points out the effects of human-like devices and could help companies improve their products.
17-18高二上·上海金山·期中
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My best friend travelled to stay with my family last weekend. when she arrived, she went straight to the kitchen and, without asking, ate some dried fruit. She wasn’t being rude. I knew she would do this. We’ve known each other for almost 20 years. She can eat anything she wants from my kitchen. Indeed, I bought her favorite fruits and snacks at the shop that morning.

Our long weekend together was simple. I was recovering from surgery and couldn't go to shopping malls, We passed the time running errands(差事), but there's never been a quiet moment. We’ve lived in different cities for almost a decade, Reunions demand conversation.

Our personalities are matched, to be sure,and a shared history is indescribably(难以形容地)valuable. We were competitors at high school before bonding. Then we discovered the many interests that we had in common. Our friendship developed itself quickly. We stayed companions and supported each other through law school and through our first jobs. Ours is a friendship for the ages.

There is something special about friends who know everything about you. They are rare. They have seen your bright lights of achievements, the depths of desperation(绝望的境地)and the boring routine of the in-between. It's special to unpack feelings without wasting time filling in the blanks. As my long weekend shows, with such friends we don't have to “do”, but we simply have to “be”. We drop the act, the performance, the public version of ourselves, The special friendships are those which never fail to delight, whose continuation is worth the extra effort, despite distance and difference in our separate lives. I had the very great joy of this reminder last weekend. I'm lucky to have found this friend, and to see a future where her companionship remains. Being together is perfection.

【小题1】What can we infer from Para. 2?
A.They talked constantly about their lives.B.They enjoyed running errands.
C.They had a noisy weekendD.They quarreled at times.
【小题2】What does the author appreciate about their friendship?
A.They help each other achieve in their fields
B.They’re best friends despite different hobbies
C.They inspire each other to be their best selves.
D.They' re comfortable just being themselves
【小题3】What message is conveyed in the last paragraph?
A.Real friends are easy to make
B.Good friendships need devotion
C.Special friendships may fail to delight.
D.Distance and difference bring friendship
【小题4】Why does the author write this text?
A.To express thanks to her best friend
B.To share the friendship she treasures.
C.To describe what her best friend is like
D.To explain how she offers help to her friend

Adults tend to have stronger cognitive, social and emotional skills, which allow them to better identify with, offer advice to, and otherwise support friends. Many young adults enjoy this emotional depth along with an abundance of free time before family and career responsibilities pick up in midlife. It’s no wonder that this age is a high-water mark for friendship. Those who go to college get a few extra years of living near their peers. Later in adulthood, though, people have more demands on their time: work, romantic partnership, and caregiving all compete for their attention.

Plus, when adults enter the workforce full-time, potential new friends don’t constantly surround them the way they did in school or while living in dormitories. Though some continue to carve out time for their social lives. Bagwell said, friendship tends to become “a luxury rather than priority.”

Under these new circumstances, many people see friends less frequently — and they tend to spend the time they do have together differently. For efficiency’s sake, they might pair socializing with other activities, like sharing a meal. Though grabbing dinner with a friend can be engaging, it’s a far cry from well-planned forest ceremonies. Friends could choose to tell each other secrets at a meal, but the activity doesn’t bring about the type of natural openness that play can.

This pursuit of efficiency and the safety of following routine can come at the cost of pleasure. An efficiency mindset risks having friendships feel like making a trade, as if each meeting should be “worth it.” But squeezing time for short and rare meetings is unlikely to feel fulfilling. If you haven’t seen each other in a while, focusing on chatting about old days is natural. However, looking back on important events in life can feel like exchanging notes while joint adventures create memories—the foundation of close friendship. As the sociologist Eric Klinenberg put it, “You tend to enrich your social life when you stop, stay longer and waste time.”

【小题1】Why do young adults possess the deeper friendship?
A.They pay their whole attention to making friends.
B.They have more demands on maintaining friendship.
C.They enjoy developing friendship with enormous people.
D.They take advantage of skills and time to keep friendship.
【小题2】What does Bagwell say about friendship of adults working full-time?
A.They consider it tough to keep friendship.
B.They place great emphasis on making friends.
C.They have a preference for staying with friends.
D.They spend a large amount of money connecting with friends.
【小题3】What does the author think of well-planned forest ceremonies in paragraph 3?
A.They are efficient and engaging activities.
B.Friends get more natural pleasure from them.
C.It is necessary to see friends frequently in them.
D.It takes a long time to make preparations for them.
【小题4】What’s Eric Klinenberg’s attitude towards efficiency-based socializing?
A.Ambiguous.B.Positive.C.Negative.D.Approving.

If you want to convince the boss you deserve a pay rise or promotion, the solution could be simple --- eat the same food as they do. Psychologists have discovered managers are much more likely to instantly trust us if we choose the same dishes as them.

During experiments, discussions over wages and work conditions were much more successful if both sides chose to snack on the same treats. And shoppers were much more likely to buy a product advertised on TV by someone eating a similar food to them at the time.

The reason is thought to be the so–called similarity attraction theory --- where people tend to like others who have similar tastes or habits to themselves. But this is believed to be one of the first studies highlighting the role of food in this relationship. Researchers at Chicago University in the US conducted a series of experiments to examine food’s role in earning trust.

In a test, participants were told to watch TV --- where someone pretending to be a member of the public praised a certain product. The volunteers were given Kit Kat bars to nibble, while the TV people ate either a Kit Kat or grapes as they talked.

The results showed viewers were much more likely to express an interest in buying the product if the TV showed the other person eating a Kit Kat too. The researchers added, “Although similarity in food consumption is not a sign of whether two people will get along, we find consumers treat this as such. They feel more trusting of those who consume as they do. It means people can immediately begin to feel friendship and develop a bond, leading to smoother transactions from the start.”

Harley Street psychologist Dr. Lucy Atcheson said it was already known that wearing similar clothes could instantly create trust. But this was the first report that food had the same effect. She said, “This is really interesting. It makes sense as people feel they have common ground and can trust the other person. That means negotiations are more likely to be successful.”

【小题1】According to the passage, customers are likely to buy a product from a dealer who ______.
A.advertises his products on TVB.has the same taste as them
C.reduces the price of his productsD.pays attention to the quality of his products
【小题2】The experiments conducted by researchers at Chicago University show that ______.
A.food plays an important role in earning people’s trust
B.bosses like employees that have the same taste as them
C.people who have similar tastes to their boss’s earn more
D.people have less interest in buying products advertised on TV
【小题3】What can be inferred from the passage?
A.People who eat similar food are more likely to trust each other.
B.People will get along with each other if they like to eat similar things.
C.The effect of wearing similar clothes hasn’t been proved by researchers.
D.People are more likely to make friends with those wearing the same clothes as them.
【小题4】The underlined word “transaction” probably means____________.
A.frameworkB.dealC.estimateD.status
【小题5】Which of the following sayings can be an example of the similarity attraction theory?
A.Honesty is the best policy.B.All good things come to an end.
C.Birds of a feather flock together.D.Where there is a will, there is a way.

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