试题详情
阅读理解-阅读单选 适中0.65 引用1 组卷116

Children exposed to “safe” levels of air pollution in the womb(子宫) develop brain damage that damages their concentration, a study has shown.

The research is the first too link common pollutants such as nitrogen(氮) dioxide and soot(油烟) to changes in the brains of unborn babies that mean they may struggle to focus at school in later life. The findings suggest that even comparatively clean city air could lead to worse academic performance and an increased risk of mental health problems such as addition or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(缺陷多动障碍).

In recent years scientists have found that children who grow up surrounded by air pollution are more likely to have a broad range of “neuro(神经)­developmental” difficulties, including autism and various kinds of cognitive(认知) damage. However, only a handful of studies have looked at the ways in which the poisonous gases and microscopic particles(微粒) that mothers and young children take in affect the brain during critical stages of its growth.

A group led by Monica Guxens, of the Barcelona Institute for Global Health, found that exposure to air pollution before birth appeared to have slowed the development of several brain regions that play an important role in people's capacity for self­denial and sustained effort. This lack of inhibition could in turn cause “cognitive delays” when the children get older, the scientists argue in Biological Psychiatry.

“We need this function in our daily life,” Dr. Guxens said. “It controls our impulses(冲动) and our selective attention. Children need it to learn and for making decisions in later life. We're interested to see what will happen: is there going to be an impact on their academic work, are there going to be clinical implications? It might be that this will lead to problems later.”

The results were drawn from MRI scans of 873 children between the ages of six and ten in Rotterdam. Even though 99.5 percent of their mothers had lived with nanoparticle pollution levels well below EU legal limits while they were pregnant the pollution still appeared to have taken its toll(伤亡人数).

Children who had been exposed to more pollution in the womb did worse on a test of their ability to block out irrelevant stimuli(刺激). They also had thinner outer layers in the precuneus(楔前叶) and the rostral middle frontal regions of their brains, both of which are involved in cognitive inhibition, which refers to the mind's ability to tune out stimuli that are irrelevant to the task at hand or to the mind's current state.

Experiments on animals show that so­called fine particles are able to pass through the placenta and affect the brain of the fetus(胎儿). Dr Guxens said there were probably no such thing as a safe concentration of air pollution.

【小题1】What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Children's brain growth slowed by “safe” pollution.
B.The safe level of air pollution for pregnant women.
C.Factors leading to children's poor academic performance.
D.The problems children have when surrounded by pollution.
【小题2】What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 probably refer to?
A.Academic work.B.The lack of inhibition.
C.Selective attention.D.The ability for self­dial and sustained effort.
【小题3】From the last three paragraphs we can infer ________.
A.air pollution has claimed many lives of kids
B.people can't focus on air pollution enough
C.the majority of pregnant women are free from air pollution
D.kids exposed to more pollution have poorer cognitive inhibition
19-20高三上·江苏南通·开学考试
知识点:科普知识 环境污染说明文逻辑推理文章大意指代猜测 答案解析 【答案】很抱歉,登录后才可免费查看答案和解析!
类题推荐

Snoopy House is a house in Southern California known for its Christmas displays. Jim Jordan created the display of Snoopy and other characters from Charles Schulz's "Peanuts"about forty-five years ago.

Mr. Jordan is sixty now. He started the project as a teenager in the yellow, single-story house in Costa Mesa where he was raised. Little by little, Jim Jordan expanded the display until it became a holiday tradition. Thousands of people came each year to see the Christmas lights, the artificial snow─even a Santa Claus that flew through the air and down a chimney. Snoopy House became so popular that countless visitors and school groups came each year. Some people who grew up visiting the display were now old enough to take their own children.

But last year Jim Jordan lost the house. It was closed because he stopped paying his loan. Mr. Jordan felt terrible that he couldn't bring that to the community. Several years ago, Mr. Jordan's business fell along with the economy. He asked for changes in the loan terms, but was denied. He followed poor legal advice and stopped paying the loan. As a result, he lost his family's home. It was closed in November last year, Afterwards, Mr. Jordan submitting legal papers to try to get his house back, but in vain. When neighbors learned the news about Snoopy House. They collected donations and called reporters to try to help Jordan fight to recover the house.

Earlier this month Costa Mesa city officials offered to host the display on the lawn outside City Hall. The lights went on last week in a song-filled ceremony attended by a large crowd, who were very happy that Costa Mesa came forward and the display found a new home at City Hall─temporarily called Snoopy Hall. It’s really a miracle.

【小题1】According to the passage,Snoopy House is so popular because _______.
A.it presents lots of inspiring stories
B.visitors can see the artificial snow
C.it offers different Christmas displays
D.visitors can recall their childhood experiences
【小题2】What can we learn about Jordan from the passage?
A.He came across financial problems.
B.He started his project 60 years ago.
C.He was born and raised in Costa Mesa.
D.He closed his house to pay for the loan.
【小题3】What happened to the house according to Paragraph 3?
A.Jordan attempted to sell his own house to the community.
B.After filing legal papers,Jordan recovered his house quickly.
C.The house was lost because Jordan failed to change loan terms.
D.Jordan's neighbors spared no effort to help get back the house.
【小题4】What does the last underlined sentence mean?
A.So many visitors attended the ceremony.
B.People can visit the Snoopy House again.
C.The City Hall has become Snoopy Hall forever.
D.Costa Mesa attracts people with a fun ceremony.

A new study published on Monday in an American Heart Association journal Hypertension, examined 360,000 participants who provided blood, saliva (唾液)and urine samples, as well as detailed information about their lifestyles. Researchers found that adults who napped (打盹) often were more likely to develop high blood pressure and have a stroke (中风). But that doesn’t mean napping causes these health issues-instead, napping may be due to unhealthy behaviors. The researchers found that a high percentage of frequent nappers reported cigarette smoking, daily drinking, sleeplessness and other factors that could cause health-related issues.

Dr. Margaret Blattner, a clinical instructor, from the department of neurology at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, tells PEOPLE that frequent or long daytime naps can have a bad effect on healthy nighttime sleep. Napping during the day may make it harder to fall asleep at night or cause nighttime sleep to become fragmented (支离破碎的) and missing out on nighttime sleep can cause severe daytime sleepiness.

“Often, naps continuing long are less beneficial than more brief daytime naps; people often wake up unrefreshed after a long nap,” she adds. “Additionally, long daytime naps take away time from other healthy things that people enjoy during the day: spending time with family, enjoying hobbies, and exercise.” When napping during the day becomes unpredictable, uncontrollable, or stops an individual from finishing what they need or want to do, it could show a possible sleep disorder.

Blattner believes that taking naps can also be beneficial. “Napping is not always a cause for concern. Taking a nap can be refreshing and enjoyable,” she says. “The key is, are you missing out on things that you enjoy because you are too sleepy to stay awake-that can indicate a problem-or does the nap help you get more out of your day?”

“Taking a brief nap can feel refreshed, reduce stress, and improve focus. Early afternoon is a good time to nap, as this agrees with a physical circle drop in energy,” Blattner continues. “However, napping too late into the afternoon or evening may have a bad effect on nighttime sleep quality and make it harder to fall asleep.”

【小题1】According to paragraph 1, adults who napped often could ________.
A.get angry more easilyB.become fatter and fatter
C.develop high blood pressureD.have a better sleep at night
【小题2】What does Dr. Margaret Blattner intend to express in paragraph 2?
A.Methods of having a good sleep at night.
B.Causes of frequent or long daytime naps.
C.Importance of having a good sleep at night.
D.Bad results of frequent or long daytime naps.
【小题3】How can people benefit from taking a brief nap?
①Reducing stress   ②Feeling refreshed   ③Having a better appetite   ④Improving concentration   ⑤Keeping proper body weight
A.③④⑤B.①②④C.①③⑤D.②③④
【小题4】Where can you most probably find the text?
A.In a science magazine.B.In a literature magazine.
C.In a sports magazine.D.In a fashion magazine.

On one side of the room sits a lovely life-size stuffed animal (毛绒玩具) you’ve ever seen. On the other side rests a real rabbit the same size, shape and even the same name as the stuffed version. You get to sit next to both of them and pet their fur. Guess which one will make your brain light up?

If you guessed the real rabbit, you’re right. Stuffed animals, as lovely as they may be, just don’t supercharge (对……增压) our frontal cortex, the part of the brain managing how we think and feel, according to a new study published in the journal Plos One.

Why is this finding important? “It provides additional evidence that live human-animal interactions may increase cognitive (认知的) and emotional activity in the brain. If patients with problems in motivation, attention, and socioemotional functioning show higher emotional involvement in activities connected to a rabbit, then such activities could increase the chance of learning and of achieving healing aims,” said the leading author of the study, Rahel Marti, a doctoral student in the division of clinical psychology and animal-assisted treatment at the University of Basel in Switzerland.

Researchers used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in the study, which is a portable brain scanner that provides flexibility since it’s functional in natural settings and not limited to a closed room in a lab.

The study team fitted each of the 19 participants with the scanner and asked them to observe and interact with one of the three live rabbits. First, participants watched the rabbit from across the room. Then the rabbit sat next to them. Finally, each person was allowed to pet the rabbit. This process occurred twice more at later dates.

In other sessions, each person repeated the same sequence with a stuffed rabbit that contained a hot water bottle to make it have the exactly same body temperature of a live rabbit. In each of the sessions, brain activity rose as the live rabbit or the stuffed one moved closer.

However, the study found an even stronger increase in brain activity when the person petted the fur of a real rabbit than the stuffed animal.

“Positive non-verbal signals and interactions provided by a living animal could in part explain this difference,” said Dr. Tiffany Braley, an associate professor at the University of Michigan.

【小题1】How does the author develop the first paragraph?
A.By giving an example.B.By using previous data.
C.By making a comparison.D.By offering a choice question.
【小题2】What does the third paragraph mainly talk about?
A.Humans are more willing to interact with real rabbits.
B.Live human-animal interactions prove to have healing effects.
C.Only activities connected to a rabbit can help keep brain healthy.
D.Rabbits have been used for treating psychological problems for years.
【小题3】What can we learn about fNIRS from the text?
A.It is a brain scanner fitted on rabbits.
B.It can change its size and shape easily.
C.It allows the study to be conducted outside a lab.
D.It ensures the accuracy of the results of the study.
【小题4】What can we infer from Tiffany Braley’s words?
A.Lack of interactions with the stuffed animal does harm to the brain.
B.Positive reactions given by the living animals can make the brain light up.
C.It’s impossible to explain why there are different results of the two experiments.
D.Children playing with a pet are sure to be happier than those with stuffed animals.

组卷网是一个信息分享及获取的平台,不能确保所有知识产权权属清晰,如您发现相关试题侵犯您的合法权益,请联系组卷网