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When men and women take personality tests,some of the old Mars-Venus stereotypes(定式)keep reappearing. On average,women are more cooperative,kind,cautious and emotionally enthusiastic. Men tend to be more competitive,confident,rude and emotionally flat. Clear differences appear in early childhood and never disappear.

What's not clear is the origin of these differences. Evolutionary psychologists think that these are natural features from ancient hunters and gatherers. Another school of psychologists argues that both sexes' personalities have been shaped by traditional social roles,and that personality differences will shrink as women spend less time taking care of children and more time in jobs outside the home.

To test these hypotheses(假设),a series of research teams have repeatedly analyzed personality tests taken by men and women in more than 60 countries around the world.For evolutionary psychologists,the bad news is that the size of the gender gap in personality varies among cultures.For social-role psychologists,the bad news is that the change is going in the wrong direction.It looks as if personality differences between men and women are smaller in traditional cultures like India's or Zimbabwe's than in the Netherlands or the United States.A husband and a stay-at-home wife in a patriarchal(男权的)Botswanan clan(部族)seem to be more alike than a working couple in Denmark or France.The more Venus and Mars have equal rights and similarjobs,the more their personalities sem to separate.

These findings are so unbelievable that some researchers have argued they must be due to cross-cultural problems with the personality tests. But according to new data from 40.000 men and women on six continents,David P. Schmitt and his colleagues conclude that the trends are real. Dr. Schmitt,a psychologist at Bradley University in I llinois and the director of the International Sexuality Description Project,suggests that as wealthy modern societies level(使平等)the barriers between women and men,some ancient internal differences are being developed.

The biggest changes recorded by the researchers involve the personalities of men, not women.

Men in traditional agricultural societies and poorer countries seem more cautious and anxious, less confident and less competitive than men in the most progressive and rich countries of Europe and North America.

To explain these differences, Dr. Schmitt and his partners from Austria and Estonia point to the hardships of life in poorer countries. They note that in some other species, environmental stress tends to extremely affect the larger sex. And, they say, there are examples of stress decreasing biological sex differences in humans.

【小题1】According to personality tests, the differences between men and women begin to exist________.
A.ocesionally and temporarilyB.randomly and forever
C.regularly and constantlyD.early and permanently
【小题2】What is stated in Paragraph 2 is to indicate________.
A.psychologists have no way to know the origin of the differences
B.experts fight against one another
C.the explanation for the differences is open to tests
D.women will solve the problem of the personality differences
【小题3】Now researchers tend to believe that the differences between men and women________.
A.originate from ancient hunters and gatherersB.are shaped by traditional social roles they play
C.are affected by traditional culturesD.vary from one culture to another
【小题4】What can be inferred about Dr. Schmitt?
A.He doesn't recognize the findings above.
B.He thinks social environment contributes to some internal differences.
C.He believes wealthy women and men are equal.
D.He has no examples to explain the differenees at all.
19-20高三上·江苏扬州·开学考试
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How to Create a Mind Map

Most of us think visually but we write textually. 【小题1】 It also makes the information we list more difficult to process, remember, and share.

【小题2】 It combines the brain’s visual nature with our tendency to write down words. We end up with a diagram that combines logic and order in a less structured manner. This promotes clearer thinking and better comprehension. 【小题3】

So, how do you create a mind map? The most basic method is to just use a pen and paper, or a marker and whiteboard. It begins with a central topic or idea, then flows outward. 【小题4】 The next level of topics is represented by branches extending from it.

There aren’t really any rules for creating mind maps. While most flow outwardly from the central topic, some users prefer to build mind maps in one direction. 【小题5】 This can make groups of ideas easier to identify and remember. It also makes a mind map more enjoyable to create and use.

Mind maps are extremely effective for taking notes, planning a project, brainstorming an idea, presenting information to others, and many other uses. Take out your pen and have a try.

A.They help to clarify thinking.
B.This goes against how our minds actually work.
C.They help us save time by focusing on key issues.
D.A mind map is the perfect answer to this dilemma.
E.Think of it as a tree, where the central point is the trunk.
F.It’s also a lot more enjoyable than simply writing down lists.
G.Others like to add colors, pictures, or symbols in their mind maps.

It is rightly said one can share any secret with a true friend. He may know your deepest fears and weaknesses and yet will never take advantage of you. However, keeping a friend’s secrets to yourself and not telling the world is what makes the bond grow strong and last forever. You need to develop trust and mutual (互相的) understanding before you start sharing secrets with each other. With friends, secret talks never seem to end and it can get really amusing to know what has been going on in your friend’s mind.

There is a certain time in life especially from the teenage years when one starts having a personal periphery (界限) in life and parents are excluded (排斥) from it. It is because there are certain things that they can’t understand and we can’t discuss with them. That is when friends become the best secret sharers. They are the ones to whom one reveals one’s feelings and best kept secrets.

It is a general belief that only girls share secrets. But boys have their own secrets that they discuss with only closest friends. The secret talks can range (变化) from relationships, talks about fights with parents, secret activities and anything that is not supposed to be known to others! If you think secrets are limited to only teenagers, get your facts right! Secrets can be shared at any age and there is no hard and fast rule that secrets are shared only among youngsters.

Sharing secrets with a friend is not just fun, but it also helps to develop a lasting trust in one another. Sometimes, sharing secrets will tell you more about the person. You will come to know whether your friend is reliable and trustworthy and whether it is worth sharing your secrets with them. You can call it a test of friendship.

【小题1】What is an advantage of sharing secrets with a friend?
A.It helps a lot in your study.
B.It leads you to a carefree life.
C.It makes you popular with other people.
D.It contributes to a long-term mutual belief.
【小题2】What does Paragraph 2 mainly try to show?
A.Parents are always the best people to share secrets with.
B.Teenagers prefer to share secrets with their friends.
C.Parents should build trust with teenagers.
D.Teenagers grow to be independent.
【小题3】The underlined word “reveals” in paragraph 2 can be best replaced by ______.
A.provesB.tells
C.getsD.holds
【小题4】What can be learned about sharing secrets?
A.It’s limited to girls.
B.It follows strict rules.
C.It can happen at any age.
D.It does harm to a strong bond.

What is the purpose of lightning? The new study published at the end of April in Science found that lightning may play a bigger role in global climate change than was previously known by the scientific community.

Many are familiar with the potentially deadly dangers posed by lightning, which is blamed for an average of 43 deaths in the United States each year, based on data from 1989 to 2018. Although the odds of being struck are quite low-1 in 1, 222, 000 in a given year and 1 in 15, 300 in a lifetime many in the weather community have long urged people to take proper precautions to stay safe in storms. However, the researchers recently uncovered a surprising and beneficial impact of lightning.

The study, which included contributions from nine atmospheric researchers across a dozen universities, was based on an airborne research flight conducted by a NASA DC-8 storm-chasing plane in 2012. Researchers initially thought there was a problem with the equipment on the plane, which was being used to measure the hydroxyl radicals (羟基自由基) in the atmosphere until they realized increases they observed corresponded with lightning flashes, ABC News reported.

Hydroxyl radicals, described as a “chemical scavenger (清洗剂) ” by Science Direct, are important chemical compounds found in the atmosphere due to the reactive nature with other organic molecules (分子). Researchers previously understood that lightning could help to clean the atmosphere, but there was no evidence that it could generate compounds like these radicals. “No one has seen that much in the atmosphere from natural processes, ever,” Brune said. As a result, the study estimates that somewhere between 2% and 16% of the oxidizing (氧化), or cleaning that happens naturally in the Earth’s atmosphere, is done by lightning.

Why is this significant? The oxidation process helps to reduce chemicals like carbon monoxide and methane in the atmosphere. These chemicals, known for being greenhouse gases, have been proven to contribute to rising temperatures associated with climate change. Researchers say that more studies will need to be conducted to verify the degree to which lightning contributes to the fight against global climate change.

【小题1】What do the statistics in Para 2 tell us about lightning?
A.It threatens human lives.B.It can only harm people.
C.It is a strange phenomenon.D.It happens quite frequently.
【小题2】What led to the new discovery in the text?
A.The equipment failure on the storm-chasing plane.
B.The increase of Hydroxyl radicals during lightning.
C.The lightning flashes observed by the research team.
D.The airborne research conducted by NASA scientists.
【小题3】How does Brune feel about the finding?
A.Doubtful.B.Amazed.C.Frustrated.D.Ambiguous.
【小题4】What is the main idea of the text?
A.Hydroxyl radicals clean the atmosphere.
B.Oxidizing is a natural result of lightning.
C.Lightning may help address climate change.
D.Greenhouse gases contribute to rising temperature.

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