You carry 1.3 kg fatty substances in your head that controls everything you will ever do. This fantastic control center lets you think, learn, create, and feel emotions. It also controls everything your body does. What is this amazing machine? It’s your brain — a structure so amazing that the famous scientist James Watson called it “the most complex thing we have yet discovered in our universe”.
Imagine your cat jumps onto the kitchen counter, and is about to step onto a hot stove. You would have only few seconds to act. In situations like this, your brain reads the signals from your eyes and quickly calculates when, where and at what speed you need to run to save her. Then it tells your muscles to move. No computer can match your brain’s great ability to download, process, and react to the flood of information from your eyes, ears and other sensory organs.
If a bee lands on your foot, sensory neurons (感觉神经元) in your skin send this information to your brain at a speed of more than 240 kilometers per hour. Your brain then uses motor neurons (运动神经元) to send a message back to your foot: Shake the bee off quickly! Motor neurons can send this information at more than 320 kilometers per hour!
Your brain has about 100 billion tiny cells: neurons — it would take you more than 3,000 years if you tried to count them all. Whenever you dream, laugh, think, see or move, tiny chemical and electrical signals are racing between these neurons along billions of tiny neuron pathways. Believe it or not, the activity in your brain never stops. Countless messages fly around inside it every second, like a super-fast game of table tennis. Your neurons create and send more messages than all the phones in the entire world. And although a single neuron produces only a tiny amount of electricity, all your neurons together can produce enough electricity to power a light bulb.
【小题1】What does “the most complex thing” mean?A.A supercomputer. | B.The universe. |
C.Human brains. | D.Our emotions. |
A.Brains can download more information than any computer. |
B.The cat plays an important role in testing human brainpower. |
C.Motor neurons in human brains serve to send countless messages. |
D.Your brains can use neurons to send messages back faster than bees’. |
A.neurons can send lots of messages |
B.how many active tiny cells the brain have |
C.how much electricity the brain can produce |
D.there is countless information in the brain |
A.The powerful brain is a wonderful machine. |
B.Brains work well in controlling body movements. |
C.The brain is the most complex structure in the universe. |
D.Human brains are made up of numerous neurons. |
Most of us learned what we know about eye color from a chart in grade-school biology. You know two blue-eyed parents are going to have blue-eyed kids. But the story of how eye color is passed down is more complicated(复杂的) than we’re taught.
Humans get their eye color from melanin(黑色素), which also determines skin and hair shades. Melanin is good at absorbing light, which is especially important for the iris(虹膜), the function of which is to control how much brightness can enter the eyes. Once it passes through the irises, the majority of the visible light goes to the retina(视网膜), where it’s translated into images by the brain. The little that isn’t absorbed by the iris is reflected back, producing what we see as eye color. That color depends on the kind and amount of melanin a person is born with.
Though we used to think eye color just came from a simple pattern of inheritance (遗传), in recent years scientists have found that it’s also shaped by many genes acting together. What’s more, tiny changes, or mutations(突变), in a gene can result in different shades in the iris.
The two genes currently thought to be most strongly linked with human eye color are OCA2 and HERC2. OCA2, the gene we used to think was the only player in eye color, controls the production of the P-protein and the organelles that make and transport melanin. Different mutations in the OCA2 gene increase or decrease the amount of protein that’s produced in the body, changing how much melanin is sent to the irises. The HERC2 gene, meanwhile, acts like a helicopter parent (直升机父母) for OCA2. Different mutations in this gene act as a switch that turns OCA2 on and off and determines how much P-protein it produces.
Those are just the two genes we know about in detail so far. Newer studies have linked as many as 16 genes to eye color, all of which pair with OCA2 and HERC2 to generate different iris colors and patterns. With all these genes and their structural changes, it’s hard to say for sure what a child’s eye color will be based on their parents’.
【小题1】Which of the following shows how light reaches the brain?A.The irises→ melanin→ the brain. |
B.The retina→ melanin→ the brain. |
C.The irises→ the retina→ the brain. |
D.The retina- the irises -the brain. |
A.OCA2 is controlled by HERC2. |
B.OCA2 can be changed into HERC2 |
C.Both can make and transport melanin |
D.Both are the cause of mutations in genes. |
A.Different colors received by the retina. |
B.A lot of genes as well as their mutations |
C.The amount of protein the person has in his or her body. |
D.OCA2 and how much melanin it produces and transports. |
A.Whether the melanin plays a key role in mutations. |
B.Whether oCA2 and HERC2 can influence each other. |
C.Whether melanin results in different shades in the iris. |
D.Whether your eye color just comes from your parents. |
Crossing your legs is an extremely common habit; most people don’t even notice that they’re doing it when they sit down. While you may find it comfortable to sit with one knee crossed over the other, it might be causing health problems that you are not aware of.
A study published in Blood Pressure Monitoring stated that sitting with your legs crossed can increase your blood pressure. Actually, the blood in your legs has to work against gravity to be pumped back to your heart. Crossing one leg over the other increases resistance, making it even harder for the blood to circulate. This causes your body to increase your blood pressure to push the blood back to the heart.
Crossing your legs can also lead to neck and back pain. When you sit with your legs crossed your hips are in a twisted position, which can cause one of your pelvic bones to turn a bit. Since your pelvic bone supports your neck and spine, this can cause pressure on your lower and middle back and neck.
You also might notice that when you sit with your legs crossed for long periods of time your feet and legs have the feeling of being asleep. This is because when one leg sits on top of the other the veins and nerves in them are pressed, thus bringing about temporary paralysis in the legs, ankles, or feet. While the feeling of discomfort may only last a minute or two, repeatedly crossing your legs until they feel numb can cause permanent nerve damage.
So next time you sit down, try to get yourself in the habit of sitting with both of your feet planted flat, hip width apart, on the floor. Not only will it help your posture and stability, but it will also save your health in the long run.
【小题1】Crossing your legs when you sit can lead to _________________.A.permanent paralysis | B.high blood pressure |
C.leg numbness | D.bone damage |
A.A scientific journal. | B.A healthcare guidebook. |
C.A medical brochure. | D.A medical textbook. |
A.analyze the effect of crossing legs | B.emphasize the importance of a good habit |
C.explain the function of our body | D.alert readers to the harms of crossing legs |
Think of the body like a school. At the top of the school is the headmaster, known as the brain. This is the organ that controls the rest of the organs, just like the headmaster controls the school. After this comes the heart. It is like a teacher. This organ pumps the blood around the body so it can run well.
A.They are like the cleaners, repairmen and security guards who look after our school. |
B.This is similar to the learning process. |
C.This is what we learn at school. |
D.This is similar to the knowledge a teacher gives to students. |
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