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Differences in time zones complicate international phone calls. But even more important are different concepts of time and approaches to time in different cultures.

People from the USA as well as other North Americans believe “Time is money”. This value of time is rooted in their ancestors. Early in the 17th century, their ancestors arrived on the Atlantic coast, a new, undeveloped land. To survive in the tough environment, they had to struggle day and night. Time meant so much to them that they had not even one second to waste. After decades of struggle, they developed the value of efficient use of time and passed it down. Thus far, the Americans are still eager to finish things quickly and are impatient with too reflective(深思熟虑的) people.

In some countries, the American work style of speeding everything up will have no significance. In the Arab East, the more important you are, the faster service you get. Close relatives take absolute priority; non-relatives are kept waiting. In the Middle East, a deadline, which is often established to show the degree of urgency or importance of work, will do nothing but stop the Middle Easterners from working, because they consider it rude and overly demanding.

Another aspect reflecting different concepts of time is the classification of monochronic-time and polychronic-time by Edward T Hall. People from monchronic(共时性的) cultures, such as the Germans, the Austrians, the Swiss and the Americans, do only one important thing at a time. In polychromic(多元时间模式的) cultures, people such as Arab, Asians and Latin Americans take an entirely opposite approach. They do several things at once. Time commitments, e.g. deadlines, schedules, are taken rather casually and changed often and easily. Miscommuication will arise when people from two cultures contact. Charlies Hawkins, a U.S. teacher, told me that many a time his appointments with Indians were interrupted constantly, not only by private phone calls, but also by long conversations with other people and even the neighbor’s children, which displeased and even annoyed him.

【小题1】Why did the ancestors of the North Americans believe “Time is money”?
A.They had to work efficiently to survive.B.They got the idea from their past generations.
C.They didn’t like to deal with reflective people.D.They formed the habit of finishing work ahead of time.
【小题2】What can be concluded from Paragraph 3?
A.Deadlines will make American people angry.
B.In the Arab East, you’d better speed everything up.
C.Middle Easterners can’t deal with demanding work.
D.People from the Arab East attach importance to relationship.
【小题3】What can we learn about people from monochronic cultures?
A.They tend to interrupt others constantly.
B.They can’t tolerate lateness or interruptions.
C.They are more likely to change their schedules.
D.They like to schedule several activities at the same time.
【小题4】Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A.The importance of the diversity of culture
B.The relationship between efficiency and culture
C.Different time values in different cultures
D.Monochronic culture and polychronic culture
2019·江西·二模
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Fertile Sichuan has long been one of China's major tea- producing regions. Chengdu had been noted for its teahouses by the Tang dynasty—as early as the ninth century. For centuries, teahouses were places for entertainment as well as tea, with performances of storytelling, music, and Sichuan opera in particular. That is a fading art these days, but Yuelai Teahouse beside Jinjiang Theater still hosts opera every Saturday afternoon.

You will find most of Chengdu's old-school teahouses in parks and temple compounds (大院). Heming Teahouse in Renmin Park buzzes with morning retirees, lunchtime office workers, and afternoon visitors. All of them sit under red lanterns by a lotus pond. When the loud confused noise gets too much, move on to Shaocheng Teahouse in the same park. Regulars are older and quieter. They bring songbirds on outings, hanging their cages in the branches of willow trees, and play mahjong in a pavilion covered with moss. In more recent years, however, increasingly elaborate(精致的) teahouses have opened to appeal to the younger generation. They tend to have a taste for superior teas in a more contemporary style. The most famous one of them is Mi Xun Teahouse in Taikoo Li, which is right in the city's most fashionable retail(零售) district.

As in all teahouses, the tea comes in individual packets with a thermos of water. Maofeng green tea from Mount Emei, south of Chengdu, is the traditional favorite. Shake the loose leaves into your palm-sized cup. The cup usually comes with a saucer and a lid that both functions to strain surface-floating leaves and to keep the tea warm. Don’t let the water level in your cup get too low, since any bitterness from the tea leaves is concentrated at the bottom. You can top up your tea all afternoon and needn't buy anything else.

【小题1】What aspects of Chengdu's teahouses does the first paragraph mainly focus on?
A.Art & history.B.Art & popularity.
C.Function & popularity.D.History & function.
【小题2】Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “regulars” underlined in Paragraph 2?
A.Tourists.B.Owners.C.Customers.D.Waiters.
【小题3】Which of the following teahouses would be your best choice if you wished to be left in peace for a while?
A.Yuelai Teahouse.B.Mi Xun Teahouse.
C.Heming Teahouse.D.Shaocheng Teahouse.
【小题4】What does the last paragraph mainly talk about?
A.Some useful tips for readers who want to visit Chengdu's teahouses.
B.Some interesting facts the author found in books on Chengdu's teahouses.
C.Some painful lessons the author learned from his trip to Chengdu's teahouses.
D.Some basic rules readers have to follow if they want to visit Chengdu's teahouses.
【小题5】What is the purpose of the text?
A.To experience Chengdu's everyday life.
B.To introduce Chengdu's teahouse culture.
C.To stress the advantages of a slower pace.
D.To inspire readers to travel to Sichuang.

The fifteenth day of the first month in the lunar calendar (日历), also known as the Lantern Festival, is the last day for the Spring Festival celebration. It's time to enjoy the important festival food: rice glue balls. It is called tangyuan in the south, and yuanxiao in the north of China. It's one of the favorite dishes at Chinese festivals, as the round shape represents reunion.

Li Mingcheng, more than 60 years old, has been making rice glue balls for over 40 years. His snack bar brand was founded over 100 years ago. He is the sixth generation leader of the family. Every kid looked forward to the Spring Festival, because long ago, rice glue balls were luxury (奢侈的) food. People only made them during the Spring Festival. Besides the rare (罕见的) dishes like meat, the rice glue balls were an important part of Li's childhood memories.

"The wrapper (包装材料) is made of rice from northeast China. It is the best," says Li. After being put into water for 24 hours, the rice is wet-milled (湿磨) to make dough (面团) and it is decorated with sweet juice. For the filling, black sesame (芝麻) is a classic choice. It's a mixture of sesame, sugar and lard. Some people prefer it with walnuts, peanuts and brown sugar.

After eating rice glue balls, families make full use of the remaining holiday to see lantern shows. In the colorful lights, people wish for a whole year as happy as today. Those sweet times would be connected with rice glue balls and happiness at the festival.

【小题1】What do rice glue balls stand for?
A.Leisure.B.Strength.C.Richness.D.Reunion.
【小题2】Why used children to look forward to the Spring Festival?
A.For the special dishes.B.For interesting games.
C.For long holidays.D.For sweet memories.
【小题3】What does the third paragraph mainly talk about?
A.The custom of the Lantern Festival.
B.The tradition of snacks.
C.The make of rice glue balls.
D.The benefits of rice glue balls.
【小题4】When do people eat rice glue balls?
A.Before the Spring Festival.B.Before seeing Lantern shows.
C.After making best wishes.D.Before hanging up the lights.

Chinese ancient poetry was the heart and soul of Chinese ancient literature. Poems and songs have been the means of entertainment of men from the earliest times. Chinese ancient poetry was primarily written to be chanted or sung.

The poetic persona (表面形象) is a feature of classical Chinese poetry. The persona appears when the poem is written from the viewpoint of some other person. Some poems are comments on the contemporary society and life. Chinese ancient poems, although apparently simple in the first reading, have deeper and greater meanings when read intensively.

The earliest Chinese ancient poetry begins with The Book of Songs which is a collection of 305 poems. It was the first comprehensive compilation(辑)of Chinese ancient poems. Each poem in The Book of Songs was set to music and could be sung. Folk songs made up the most part of the book! Confucius, the great ancient philosopher, was fond of this book. It was also the accepted textbook of the Confucian school.

Chinese poetic history is extremely long and colorful. The Tang dynasty, the golden age of Chinese ancient poetry, produced many famous poems. Three Hundred Poems of the Tang Dynasty, was compiled by Heng Tang Tui Shi(蘅塘退士) of the Qing dynasty. This was used for very many years to teach primary students.

Almost everything is the subject of Chinese ancient poetry including marriage, agriculture, courtship(求爱), sorrow and joys, romance, heroic deeds and so on. Generally, each poem is usually composed of lines of four, five or seven syllables. Translations of Chinese ancient poems are available in books and also online. Now these beautiful poems have attracted readers all over the world.

【小题1】What’s the earliest Chinese poetry intended to do?
A.To record history.B.To spread knowledge.
C.To entertain people.D.To state people’s thoughts.
【小题2】Which can describe the obvious characteristics of Chinese ancient poetry according to the text?
A.Modern and symbolic.B.Simple but meaningful.
C.Difficult and figurative.D.Imaginative but unreal.
【小题3】What can we learn about The Book of Songs from the text?
A.It is compiled by Heng Tang Tui Shi.
B.It includes more folk songs than other kinds of poems.
C.It was the textbook for kids during Confucius’s childhood.
D.It was produced during the golden age of Chinese ancient poetry.
【小题4】What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A.Chinese ancient poetry has limited subjects.
B.Chinese ancient poems win popularity overseas.
C.Every Chinese ancient poem is made up of four lines.
D.Something in Chinese ancient poems is lost in translation.

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