Many of us listen to music while we work, thinking that it will help us to concentrate on the task at hand. And in fact, recent research has found that music can have beneficial effects on creativity. When it comes to other areas of performance, however, the impact of background music is more complicated.
The idea that listening to music when working is beneficial to output probably has its roots in the so-called “Mozart effect”. Put simply, this is the finding that spatial rotation performance(空间旋转能力) is increased immediately after listening to the music of Mozart, compared to no sound at all.
How sound affects performance has been the topic of research for over 40 years, and is observed through a phenomenon called the irrelevant sound effect. To study irrelevant sound effect, participants in the research are asked to complete a simple task which requires them to recall a series of numbers or letters in the exact order in which they saw them. The tricky thing is being able to do this while ignoring any background noise.
Two key characteristics of the irrelevant sound effect are required for its observation. First, the task must require the person to use their rehearsal abilities(复述能力), and second, the sound must contain acoustical variation(声学变化). Where the sound does not vary much acoustically, the performance of the task is much closer to that observed in quiet conditions.
The irrelevant sound effect itself comes from attempting to process two sources of ordered information at the same time—one from the task and one from the sound. Unfortunately, only the former is required to successfully perform the recall task, and the effort in ensuring that irrelevant order information from the sound is not processed actually hinders(阻碍) this ability.
A similar conflict is also seen when reading while in the presence of lyrical music. In this situation, the two sources of words—from the task and the sound—are in conflict. The cost is poorer performance of the task in the presence of music with lyrics.
What this all means is that whether having music playing in the background helps or hinders performance depends on the task and on the type of music, and only understanding this relationship will help people maximize their productivity levels.
【小题1】“Mozart effect” is mentioned to ________.A.explain how music can relax people |
B.show music can improve performance |
C.advise people to listen to Mozart music |
D.stress Mozart music gains wide attention |
A.have improved their rehearsal ability |
B.perform better in the quiet conditions |
C.ignore the background noise successfully |
D.prefer the music with great sound variation |
A.support an idea | B.make a contrast |
C.introduce a topic | D.describe a fact |
A.Music shapes your life |
B.Music develops your creativity |
C.Choose quiet music for your work |
D.Does music make you concentrate? |
The National Association of Teachers of Singing(NATS) celebrates the art of singing through a series of competitions and programs. They are designed to showcase the talented singers and performers who are soon to be rising stars in the profession.
National Student Auditions
Students of NATS members will begin by performing during their regional auditions. Five singers from each regional category will advance lo a national online screening round, where entrants will submit a video of their performances for judgment by a group of national judges.
Entry Fee: $75 per category
Prizes: S35,000 for 1st, 2nd and 3rd places in total.
Deadline for Applications: April 13, 2021(applications by emailed invitation only; following regional auditions)
NATS Artist Awards(NATSAA)
Preliminary competitions are held at the regional level, with one winner picked out of each of the 14 NATS regions. The 14 semifinalists then gather at the site or the NATS Winter Workshop for the final two rounds of the competition.
Entry Fee: $75
Prizes: The winner is awarded $13,000; the 2nd place, $6,000.
Deadline for Applications: September 5,2021
Art Song Composition Award
The competition is open to any composer whose submined work meets the requirements. The winning composer will receive a cash award and a performance of the winning composition at the next scheduled NATS National Conference.
Entry Fee: $30
Prizes: The winner is awarded $5,000; the 2nd place, $2,500.
Deadline for Applications: December 1, 2021
National Music Theater Competition
The competition is seeking the best rising music theater soloists, those who just need one break to move their careers forward. Applicants must be between ages 20-28. Preliminary rounds of the competition are scheduled to take place in fall 2021 and about 24 singers advance to the semifinal and final rounds.
Entry Fee: $90.
Prizes: The first prize is awarded 55,000; the 2nd place, $52,000.
Deadline for Applications: May 15, 2021
【小题1】What is the purpose of these NATS competitions?A.To decide who can join NATS. |
B.To celebrate important music festivals. |
C.To test and grade NATS teachers' professional skills. |
D.To let NATS members and their students show musical talent. |
A.NATS Artist Awards | B.National Student Auditions |
C.An Song Composition Award | D.National Music Theater Competition |
A.1,7500 dollars. | B.6,000 dollars. | C.2,500 dollars. | D.2,000 dollars. |
A.April 13,2021. | B.May 15,2021. | C.Septembers,2021. | D.December 1,2021. |
A.The best music theater managers. | B.Senior artists who have live concert experiences. |
C.Solo performers aged 20-28. | D.Those who are good at playing musical instruments. |
If you tried to give rock ‘n’ roll another name, you might have called it Chuck Berry. Chuck Berry was 29 years old in 1955. He’d been playing mostly blues and R8B standards in a St. Louis club for several years. But he had started writing his own songs, combining elements of white country music. On a Friday night in May, 1955, he drove up to Chicago to catch a show by the blues great Muddy Waters. After the performance, he casually asked him, “How do you get in touch with a record company?”
“Why don’t you go and see Leonard Chess on 47th?” Muddy Waters replied.
So early Monday morning, Berry went to Chess Records and positioned himself in a store across the street. When Leonard Chess arrived, Berry ran over and made a pitch. Chess was impressed by the young man’s self-confidence and told him to come back with a tape of his own material, Berry returned the following week, bringing with him the other members of the club and four new songs.
“And we set the band up, and we played all four of them,” Berry said. “We don't know what they were saying, but they listened.”
Berry thought they were listening to “Wee Wee Hours”, a blues song. After all, Chess Records was known around Chicago as a blues label. But Leonard Chess was fascinated by "Ida Mae" that Berry had adapted from a traditional country tune called “Ida Red”.
Chess was sure the new song could be a hit, but he didn’t like the name. It was too rural (土气的).But nobody could think of a name. They looked around and saw a shoe box with “Maybellene” printed on it. Leonard Chess said, “Why don't we name it ‘Maybellene’?”
“Maybellene” quickly rose to No. l on the R&B chart. Two weeks later, it hit No. 5 on the all-important pop chart. In the years following “Maybellene”, Chuck Berry produced an astonishing string of hits, such as “Roll Over Beethoven” “School Days” and “Sweet Little Sixteen”
In 1972, Chuck Berry finally scored a number-one hit on the pop chart with an even more rural name: “My Ding-A-Ling”.
【小题1】Why did Chuck Berry go to Chicago on the Friday night in May, 1955?A.To sell his first record | B.To find a record company. |
C.To watch a performance. | D.To interview Muddy Waters. |
A.Performance. | B.Argument. | C.Invitation. | D.Self-introduction. |
A.He accidently saw a shoe label. | B.He was inspired by the sweet music. |
C.It was recommended by an ad agency. | D.It was the result of thorough research. |
A.“Wee Wee Hours” is a typical rock song |
B.The name of a song is not so important. |
C.“Ida Mae” is much better than “Ida Red” |
D.“My Ding-A-Ling” is not good enough. |
Briefly, music puts you in high spirits, which makes you better at studying - but it also distracts you, which makes you worse at studying. So if you want to study effectively with music on, you can try to reduce how distracting music can be, and increase the level to which music keeps you cheerful.
You may have heard of the Mozart effect -- the idea that listening to Mozart makes you “smarter”, which is based on research that found listening to complex classical music like Mozart improved test scores in mathematics. However, further research eventually debunked the Mozart effect theory: it had not really anything to do with maths; it was really just music that puts you in high spirits.
However, music can be a distraction under certain circumstances. When you study, you’re using your “working memory”--- that means you’re holding and handling several bits of information in your head immediately. The research is fairly clear that when there’s music in the background, especially music with vocals (歌唱 部分),your working memory gets worse. Likely as a result, the reading comprehension ability is reduced when people listen to music with lyrics. Music also appears to be more distracting for people who are introverts (内向的人)than for people who are extroverts, perhaps because introverts are more easily overexcited.
Aiming to figure out the relative effect of these two competing factors — spirits and distraction, researchers had participants do a fairly demanding comprehension task, and listen to classical music which was either slow or fast, and which was either soft or loud. They found poor performances only occurred when people were listening to music that was both fast and loud.
To sum up, research suggests it’s probably fine to listen to music while you’re studying. But you’d better consider if the music puts you in high spirits, if it’s neither too fast nor too loud, if it’s less wordy, and if you’re not too introverted.
【小题1】What does the underlined word “debunked” in Paragraph 2 mean ?A.Disapproved. | B.Developed. | C.Examined. | D.Proposed. |
A.Rapid rap music. | B.Background music. |
C.Fast piano music. | D.Soft absolute music. |
A.Spirits are vital to task performances. |
B.Slow music can easily lead to distraction. |
C.Fast and loud music isn’t fit for comprehension tasks. |
D.Soft music is more suitable to introverts than extroverts. |
A.The right choices of music while studying. |
B.The benefits of listening to music while studying. |
C.The main ways of enjoying music while studying. |
D.The influences of listening to music while studying. |
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