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“Nature and Nurture”

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviour are formed. However, it is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is _________.

Social scientists are of course_________interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviour. There are no clear answers yet, but two_________schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other, and there is a great deal of debate between_________of each theory. The controversy(争论) is often conveniently referred to as “nature and nurture”.

Those who_________the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behaviour patterns are_________determined by biological factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behaviour is_________to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory states that our behaviour is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our_________.

Supporters of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, _________, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behaviour is almost completely__________by their surroundings. The behaviorists’ view of the human being is quite mechanistic. They state that, like machines, humans respond to __________stimuli(刺激) as the basis of their behaviour.

Socially and politically, the consequences of these two theories are __________. In the US, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” supporters to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites are. Behaviorists, __________, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same__________that whites do.

Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behaviour. As a matter of fact, it is quite__________that the key to our behaviour lies somewhere between these two extremes and that the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.

【小题1】
A.sensitiveB.productiveC.competitiveD.aggressive
【小题2】
A.moderatelyB.extremelyC.reluctantlyD.scarcely
【小题3】
A.distinctB.reliableC.relevantD.equal
【小题4】
A.objectorsB.operatorsC.opponentsD.advocates
【小题5】
A.claimB.supportC.resolveD.inherit
【小题6】
A.completelyB.largelyC.thoroughlyD.merely
【小题7】
A.sensitiveB.openC.centralD.subject
【小题8】
A.abilitiesB.capacitiesC.personalitiesD.instincts
【小题9】
A.expertsB.scientistsC.environmentalistsD.behaviorists
【小题10】
A.shapedB.dominatedC.oppressedD.restricted
【小题11】
A.environmentalB.biologicalC.geneticD.psychological
【小题12】
A.temporaryB.slightC.fatalD.far-reaching
【小题13】
A.on the contraryB.as a wholeC.after allD.for instance
【小题14】
A.habitsB.responsesC.characteristicsD.advantages
【小题15】
A.necessaryB.impossibleC.unreasonableD.likely
18-19高三上·上海奉贤·期末
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There’s a lot that can be conveyed in a handshake. Throughout history, such a(n) _______ was used to complete a business deal,_______ friendship, or signal trust.

But touching strangers can also lead to other, less beneficial shared_______ – like disease outbreaks. As fears about COVID-19 increase, France has warned its citizens to_______ handshakes. However, with histories dating back thousands of years, the greeting is likely too_______ established to be so easily stopped

A popular theory about the handshake’s_______ is that it began as a gesture of _________. Grasping hands proved you were not holding a weapon – and _________   them was a way to ensure your partner had nothing hiding up their sleeve.

There may be a_______ explanation for its lasting power. In a 2015 study, researchers in Israel filmed handshakes between hundreds of strangers and found nearly a quarter of participants________ their hands unconsciously afterwards.________, they concluded that a handshake may be used to detect chemical signals, and possibly as a means of________ – just as other animals do by smelling each other.

Behavioral scientist Val Curtis in London says that one possible________ for the handshake as greeting is to imply that the other person is __________   enough to share germs (细菌) with. Because of this, the________ can go in and out of style depending on public health concerns.

【小题1】
A.messageB.expressionC.actD.solution
【小题2】
A.indicateB.describeC.valueD.end
【小题3】
A.outcomesB.beliefsC.concernsD.emotions
【小题4】
A.understandB.pauseC.studyD.change
【小题5】
A.clearlyB.originallyC.officiallyD.firmly
【小题6】
A.advantageB.meaningC.benefitD.origin
【小题7】
A.peaceB.appreciationC.powerD.satisfaction
【小题8】
A.wavingB.holdingC.shakingD.searching
【小题9】
A.detailedB.historicalC.scientificD.cultural
【小题10】
A.washedB.sniffedC.clappedD.grasped
【小题11】
A.BesidesB.ThereforeC.MeanwhileD.However
【小题12】
A.protectionB.warningC.controlD.communication
【小题13】
A.roleB.reasonC.meansD.source
【小题14】
A.matureB.cautiousC.reliableD.tough
【小题15】
A.theoryB.topicC.researchD.practice

One cold Friday the bus was about to come in around 15 minutes. Most of the time I am OK waiting but not this day. So I went to the nearby store and bought something ________ to drink and then came back. A high school girl was there, waiting for the bus, too. She looked ________ and she was shivering(颤抖)because of the cold. I gave her one of the cocoa cans I bought and we had a little ________.

She said that she was quite nervous, being afraid that she would fail her exam in a week. I told her a few encouraging words ________ some funny jokes to make her relax. She seemed to be happy again. She thanked me and told me she wished to see me again. I ________ and thanked her, nodding yes. The bus arrived and I had to ________ in a hurry.

We may ________ see each other again. But I’m thankful to her for saying “Wish I could meet you again”. It’s not easy to say these words. It ________ a strong will and courage to accept an offer from a stranger. In today’s world, people are ________ with people they aren’t familiar with most of the time. What’s more, they seldom trust each other.

That young girl helped me more than I could have helped her. She touched my heart with a ________ to send wishes of good luck and love to those who are full of emotions and fears.

【小题1】
A.cheapB.coldC.warmD.expensive
【小题2】
A.shockedB.boredC.puzzledD.worried
【小题3】
A.talkB.debateC.quarrelD.walk
【小题4】
A.as well asB.rather thanC.except forD.thanks to
【小题5】
A.criedB.smiledC.refusedD.shouted
【小题6】
A.get onB.carry onC.dress upD.turn up
【小题7】
A.usuallyB.oftenC.sometimesD.never
【小题8】
A.amusesB.consultsC.directsD.needs
【小题9】
A.particularB.freeC.carefulD.content
【小题10】
A.secretB.reasonC.theoryD.joke

I remember sitting in an airport one day, waiting for my flight. 1 was______because I had a first-class(头等的)ticket. And in first class, the seats are______and the food is more delicious. Actually, I had the best seat on the whole plane! Seat 1A. Before boarding, I______a young lady who had a big suitcase(手提箱)and several carry-on bags was holding a crying baby. _______,the handle(把手)of her suitcase broke and the suitcase fell to the floor.She tried______the case and her bags landed on the floor, too.

“Let me help,”I said to her.

__ her suitcase over my left shoulder,put her bags on my right and asked, ‘‘Where to?”

“Gate 20, ”she said, and showed me her ticket. Seat 24B.

“Oh, we are on the same flight.’’

Boarding started, and I______that she needed the first—class ticket. ‘‘It looks like you could use this first-class ticket more than me. I know how______it can be flying with a kid. Why don’t we trade tickets?’’

“Are you sure'?”she asked.

“Yes, just take my ticket and give me yours. I really don’t______. I’m just going to be working the whole time, anyway.’’

“That’s very kind of you,”she said, and expressed her______as we traded our tickets.

Then we boarded the plane.I was surprised at the good______it gave me while watching her sit down in seat l A. In fact, seat 24B or______I was sitting didn’1 seem that bad at all. At one point during the flight I really wanted to see how she was doing. So I______, walked to the first—class section, and had a look. There she was with her baby, ______asleep. Seeing they were sleeping in big and______seat l A, I felt like a million bucks. I’ve got to keep doing this kind of thing.

【小题1】
A.excitedB.boredC.sadD.worried
【小题2】
A.smallerB.biggerC.dirtierD.shorter
【小题3】
A.askedB.learnedC.noticedD.thought
【小题4】
A.SeriouslyB.SuccessfullyC.SecretlyD.Suddenly
【小题5】
A.findingB.1iftingC.puttingD.changing
【小题6】
A.knockedB.threwC.pulledD.hung
【小题7】
A.hopedB.regrettedC.realizedD.suggested
【小题8】
A.strangeB.easyC.hardD.funny
【小题9】
A.mindB.understandC.wantD.stand
【小题10】
A.pityB.fearC.adviceD.thanks
【小题11】
A.tasteB.chanceC.memoryD.feeling
【小题12】
A.howeverB.whateverC.whereverD.whoever
【小题13】
A.got upB.put upC.turned upD.took up
【小题14】
A.allB.bothC.eitherD.neither
【小题15】
A.popularB.terribleC.straightD.comfortable

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