Archerfish(射水鱼), a species famous for spitting (吐) water to shoot insects out of the air, can recognize one human face from another.
In the laboratory, instead of shooting insects, the fish were taught to spit at pictures of human faces showed on a computer screen outside their aquarium. The fish were first introduced to two faces, and taught to spit at one of them in exchange for a food reward. The researchers then tested whether the fish would recognize and spit at the face they had learned from among 44 new ones. And they were right more than 80% of the time.
To the researchers’ surprise, even when they did that with faces that were in black and white, the fish were still able to find the face they were trained to recognize.
Telling one human face from another is a surprisingly difficult task. As we all have two eyes above a nose and a mouth, doing so depends on recognizing some extremely small differences.
“It has been supposed that this task is so difficult that it can only be completed by higher animals, which have a large and complex brain,” said Newport, whose study was published in the journal Scientific Reports. “But the archerfish were able to do this without having a neocortex, the most recently developed part of the brain. In humans, the neocortex governs our sense and language.”
“Fish have a simpler brain than humans and they don’t have the section of the brain that humans use for recognizing faces,” Newport said. “Even though, many fish show amazing visual (视力的) behaviors and therefore make the perfect subjects to test whether simple brains can complete complex tasks.”
【小题1】What were the archerfish asked to do in the laboratory?A.Pick out the face they knew. |
B.Shoot the computers from a far distance. |
C.Count the number of faces on the screen. |
D.Pick out black and white pictures from colorful ones. |
A.They have a complex brain. | B.Their neocortex is very large. |
C.They belong to higher animals. | D.They have excellent eyesight. |
A.To encourage people to protect fish. |
B.To introduce a kind of fish with special ability. |
C.To introduce the result of a study on archerfish. |
D.To show that animals with simpler brains are smarter. |
This morning we're going to head off down into the wetland, into a very specific kind of wetland called the Prairie fen.
You can find Nate Fuller counting butterflies. The Sarett Nature Center needs an accurate count of Mitchell's satyr butterflies to help preserve one of their last known habitats. They're very particular about the kind of habitat where they can live, which is part of what makes them so rare and amazing indicators for our water quality. Today, Sarett expert Ashley Cole-Wick with Michigan's Natural Features Inventory helps Fuller count. She says "When I first started working on the butterfly in 2013, we had 18 populations and this year in 2019, we have 10."
The Mitchell Seder went on the endangered species list in 1991. Initially it was thought that loss of wetlands contributed to their decline. Fuller says "It's not just habitat availability. Its groundwater and the amount in the quality of groundwater coming into these wetlands seem to be a challenge for the butterfly. Nothing has all been sorted out exactly. ” While the decline is likely a combination of factors. the fact that water quality might contribute is alarming because the wetlands are the headwaters for the Midwest's rivers and streams.
A captive breeding (人工繁殖)program was started four years ago at the Toledo Zoo to help get to the bottom of the mystery. Today Director Ryan Walsh who heads the program says it's been, the only successful captive program. The caterpillars (毛毛虫)spend the winter in a special weather control room that help determine the Mitchell satyrs don't do well below 4. 4 degrees Celsius, a temperature that prevents the Fen wetlands from the hard freezes which kill the insects. With that knowledge, the program produced 1300 new eggs this summer, a development that may go a long way toward restoring the population. And if all goes well, may one day the Mitchell satyr butterfly earn a ticket off Endangered Species List.
【小题1】What are the indicators for the water quality?A.The habitats. | B.The butterflies. |
C.The wetlands. | D.The experts. |
A.The importance of water quality. |
B.Actions taken to protect the butterflies. |
C.The reasons why the butterflies decline. |
D.The natural conditions for the butterflies. |
A.Preserving. | B.Increasing. |
C.Recovering. | D.Controlling. |
A.It can easily be found. | B.It is not endangered now. |
C.It will die above 4. 4 degree Celsius. | D.It can be bred by humans. |
In 1977, Irene Pepperberg of Harvard University began studying what was on another creature’s mind by talking to it. Her first experiments began with Alex. Alex was a one-year-old African grey parrot and Irene taught him to produce the sounds of the English language. “I thought if he learned to communicate, I could ask him questions about how he sees the world.”
At the time, most scientists didn’t believe animals had any thoughts. They thought animals were more like robots but didn’t have the ability to think or feel. Of course, if you own a pet you probably disagree. But it is the job of a scientist to prove this and nowadays more scientists accept that animals can think for themselves.
“That’s why I started my studies with Alex,” Irene said, “Some people actually called me crazy for trying this.”
Nowadays, we have more and more evidence that animals have all sorts of mental abilities. Sheep can recognize faces. Chimpanzees (黑猩猩) use a variety of tools and even use weapons to hunt. And Alex the parrot became a very good talker.
Thirty years after the Alex studies began. Irene was still giving him English lessons up until his recent death. For example, if Alex was hungry he could say “want grape”. Alex could count to six and was learning the sounds for seven and eight. “He has to hear the words over and over before he can correctly say them.” Irene said, after pronouncing “seven” for Alex a few times in a row. Alex could also tell the difference between colors, shapes, sizes, and materials (e.g. wood and metal). Before he finally died, Alex managed to say “seven”.
Another famous pet that proved some animals have greater mental skills was a dog called Rico. He appeared on a German TV game show in 2011. Rico knew the names of 200 different toys and easily learned the names of new ones. When Rico became famous, many other dog owners wanted to show how clever their pets were. Another dog called Betsy could understand 300 words.
One theory for dogs’ ability to learn a language is that they have been close companions to humans for many centuries and so their ability to understand us is constantly evolving (进化). While animals can’t do what humans do yet, some scientists believe that examples like Alex and Rico prove that evolution develops intelligence, as well as physical appearance.
【小题1】Irene wanted to find out __________.
A.what a parrot thinks |
B.why a parrot can speak |
C.how parrots make sounds |
D.if parrots speak English |
A.singing them |
B.reading them |
C.writing them |
D.rehearing them |
A.understand some words |
B.recognize strange voices |
C.copy human gestures |
D.tell different colors |
A.our pets understand what we say |
B.dogs may speak to humans one day |
C.humans are related to chimpanzees |
D.mental ability can evolve in animals |
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