There have been several incidents in recent years where people died because of unsafe crowd conditions and stampedes (人群的蜂拥), the latest one unfolding in Seoul, South Korea, with at least 155 deaths reported. This may leave some people thinking there’s little you can do to survive a stampede. 【小题1】 But crowd-safety experts say there are several strategies that could help you avoid a potentially deadly outcome. Consider these steps below:

The key to staying safe in a crowd begins as soon as you arrive at the location, says Randy Atlas, a safety consultant based in Fort Lauderdale. 【小题2】 It’s a piece of common sense advice that Atlas applies not just at big events, but even when entering almost any room.

If there’s a sudden panic and crowds begin to push in a certain direction, your instinct (本能) may be to fight back and push the opposite way. 【小题3】 If you go against the flow, you increase your chances of getting tripped and knocked down. Another risk, according to experts: If you fight the crowd, you will tire yourself out quickly in a situation where energy is needed.

As you move forward with the crowd, it’s best to move in a diagonal (对角线的) direction so you can potentially angle your way out of the situation. The goal is to get to the edge of the stampede where it’s less likely that you’ll end up stuck at a choke-point, like a doorway.

【小题4】 Look for a solid structure to stand behind such as a pillar or a wall. Other places to duck: behind a car or even a lamp post.

In many stampede events, people die simply because they are crushed to the point they can’t breathe. But a possible way to avoid this is to place your arms in front of you, almost in a boxer-like position. That could give you some very valuable breathing room, literally. 【小题5】

Leadership is the art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it. 【小题1】

An effective leader starts by creating an inspiring vision of the future. 【小题2】 They think about how their industry is likely to evolve, and how their competitors are likely to behave. They look at how they can innovate successfully and shape their businesses and their strategies to succeed in future marketplaces. Therefore, leadership is looking ahead and not being satisfied with things as they are. Once they have developed their visions, leaders must make them inspiring and convincing. Effective leaders provide a rich picture of what the future will look like when their visions have been realized. They tell inspiring stories and explain their visions in ways that everyone can relate to.

【小题3】 But it’s leaders’ ability to motivate and inspire people that helps them achieve that vision. For example, when you start a new project, you will probably have lots of enthusiasm for it. 【小题4】 However, it can be difficult to find ways to keep your vision inspiring after the initial enthusiasm fades. Leaders recognize this, and they work hard throughout the project to connect their vision with people’s individual needs, goals and aspirations (抱负).

【小题5】 People admire and believe in these leaders because they are expert in what they do. This makes it much easier for these leaders to motivate and inspire the people they lead.   Leaders can also motivate people in other ways, such as paying bonuses. However, good leaders don’t rely too much on these types of power to motivate and inspire others.

Poor indoor air quality can have health consequences that range from disease of the eyes, nose and throat to headaches and dizziness. It’s also linked to respiratory (呼吸的) and heart disease. 【小题1】.

●Maximize fresh air

Katherine Pruitt, National Senior Director for Policy at the American Lung Association, offers three basic steps you can take to make your air better at home. 【小题2】. She says, “Let fresh air from outside in.” This means that opening up your windows is often the simplest way to disperse anything bad that may be accumulating inside. If you have a central air conditioner, running it can be a good way to bring in outside air.

It may make sense to use a fan to improve indoor air quality. For instance, you might place one near an open window to help exhaust indoor air to the outdoors.

●【小题3】

The second thing you can do is called source control, which is keeping sources of pollutants out of the indoor environment if you can, says Pruitt.

It can be as simple, Pruitt says, as leaving your dry cleaning outside long enough to air the harmful chemicals out.

Cleaning your home is helpful. But Pruitt warns that “【小题4】.” She advises, “Read the labels and select safer products when you can.”

●Purify (净化) the air

Finally, if necessary, the third thing you can try to improve your air is purification. For instance, if you want to remove airborne particles like smoke, dust and germs, 【小题5】. “For homes with air conditioners,” says Pruitt, “you have a purifier that you’re supposed to be changing regularly.”