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The Dunning-Kruger effect is a type of cognitive bias (偏见) in which people believe that they are smarter and more capable than they really are. Essentially, low ability people do not possess the skills needed to recognize their own incompetence. The combination of poor self-awareness and low cognitive ability leads them to overestimate their own capabilities. This phenomenon is something you have likely experienced in real life, perhaps at a holiday family gathering. Throughout the course of the meal, a member of your extended family begins spouting off on a topic, boldly announcing that he is correct and that everyone else’s opinion is stupid, uninformed, and just plain wrong. It may be plainly evident to everyone that this person has no idea what he is talking about, but he talks continuously, blithely oblivious (忘乎所以) to his own ignorance.

The effect is named after researchers David Dunning and Justin Kruger, two social psychologists. They found incompetent people are not only poor performers, they are also unable to accurately assess and recognize the quality of their own work. These low performers were also unable to recognize the skill and competence levels of other people, which is part of the reason why they consistently view themselves as better, more capable, and more knowledgeable than others.

This is the reason why students who earn failing scores on exams sometimes feel that they deserved a much higher score. They overestimate their own knowledge and ability and are incapable of seeing the poorness of their performance.

“In many cases, the incompetent are often blessed with an inappropriate confidence, encouraged by something that feels to them like knowledge.” Dunning and his colleagues have also performed experiments where they ask respondents if they are familiar with terms related to subjects including politics, biology, physics, and geography. Along with genuine concepts, they added completely made-up terms. In one such study, approximately 90 percent of respondents claimed that they had at least some knowledge of the made-up terms.

So what can you do to gain a more realistic assessment of your own abilities? Instead of assuming you know all there is to know about a subject, keep digging deeper. Once you gain greater knowledge of a topic, the more likely you are to recognize how much there is still to learn. Another effective strategy involves asking others for constructive criticism. While it can sometimes be difficult to hear, such feedback can provide valuable insights into how others perceive your abilities. Even as you learn more and get feedback, it can be easy to only pay attention to things that confirm what you think you already know. In order to minimize this confirmation bias, keep challenging your beliefs and expectations and seek out information that challenges your ideas.

【小题1】What can we learn about the Dunning-Kruger effect from the first paragraph?
A.The Dunning-Kruger effect is rare for us to confirm.
B.Incompetent people can be blind to their own ignorance.
C.Ignorance leads people to underestimate their own abilities.
D.Poor self-awareness and low cognitive ability have a close connection.
【小题2】According to the Dunning-Kruger effect, what do incompetent people tend to do?
A.Underestimate their own skill levels.
B.Feel more realistic about their competence.
C.Recognize their own mistakes and lack of skills.
D.Fail to recognize the genuine skill of other people.
【小题3】What can be inferred from Paragraph 4?
A.The meaningless terms may cause respondents to feel ashamed.
B.The participants pretended to know what they actually didn’t know.
C.The aim of the experiments was to assess how smart the participants were.
D.Most of the respondents claimed they were unfamiliar with the make-up terms.
【小题4】Which is the way to overcome the Dunning-Kruger Effect?
A.Ask people for helpful feedbacks.
B.Minimize the bias and challenges.
C.Assume that you know everything.
D.Gain confidence and trust yourself.
17-18高三·广东深圳·期末
知识点:方法/策略社会关系 答案解析 【答案】很抱歉,登录后才可免费查看答案和解析!
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Detailed guidance on analytical feature

The definition of an analytical feature

Hard news is the kind of fast-paced news that usually appears on newspapers, magazines and some other mediums. Because each story is only relevant for a short time, writing must be concise and without excessive detail. Like a hard news story, an analytical feature also appeares on newspapers, magazines or on the web. However, an analytical feature covers a topic in some depth. It examines important issues or events in detail, provides more interpretation and background information for readers than hard news. Writing an analytical feature means looking for patterns, motives and outcomes that explain the event, issue or problem.

An analytical feature should be based on an investigation of documents in the public domain (archives, libraries, scholarships, local offices) and interview with people with knowledge related to the topic.

Step by step guide to feature writing

Select a topic.

Make a list of preliminary questions to establish what needs to be known about the topic. Here are some of the basic questions that a feature addresses:

What is the problem?

What institutions and people are involved?

What is the standing point?

What causes the problem?

What are the possible consequences?

List your sources—people, institutions, documents, books, articles that are likely to have information and answers to your questions.

Refine your questions: decide what you are going to look at in the written documents and what you are going to ask your potential sources.

Arrange your appointments/interviews/archival search in a logical sequence, following the plan for your basic questions.

Conduct interviews—know precisely what information you are trying to get from each source.

Write an outline that sets up the structure of the feature.

Go back to your notes, organize information, compare and contrast data, analyze material, identify missing information, expand the list of sources, conduct new interviews.

Write the feature.

Analytical feature structure

THE INTRO: The most important function of the introduction is to make the readers want to read on.

THE BODY OF THE FEATURE: The content of the feature will vary depending on the subject matter, style of publication, perceived interests of the readers and intentions of the journals. The following points are what you should include in the body of your feature:

Facts—include them at appropriate points throughout the text rather than in chunks.

Quotes—can bring writing to life; inject authority and powerful expression into the piece. Think carefully which bits of your research to quote and which bits to translate into your own words, as the simple facts of a story do not normally need to be told through direct quotes.

Description—let the readers see what you are seeing, show rather than tell.

Analysis—can be provided by experts who have conducted relevant research but it may be also provided by ordinary people with direct knowledge and involvement. Your own analysis of the topic should be based on extensive research and supported by evidence.

THE ENDING: Aim to provide a rounded ending of the text either in a form of summary, twist, quote or a return to the scene of the introduction.

【小题1】The guidance on analytical feature is most probably taken from _______.
A.a book for news writing
B.a movie script
C.a school admission brochure
D.a book for interview preparation
【小题2】Unlike a hard news story, an analytical feature _______.
A.is only published in in-depth magazines, instead of in newspapers or websites
B.investigates issues or events behind the news
C.interprets issues or events clearly and concisely without excessive detail
D.covers a couple of topics
【小题3】Before you write an analytical feature, you should do all the following EXCEPT _____________.
A.preparing the questions for your interviews
B.writing a sketchy summary of the main points of the feature
C.sorting out and analyze the information and data you collect
D.filming and recording the issue or event you want to investigate
【小题4】When you write the body of an analytical feature, you should _______.
A.summarize the main idea of the feature
B.be in concert with the opening paragraph
C.introduce the topic of the feature
D.analyze the topic based on your research
【小题5】Which section tells you the basic organization of an analytical feature?
A.The definition of an analytical feature.
B.Analytical feature structure.
C.Step by step guide to feature writing.
D.A good analytical feature.

How to Feel at Peace

Is feeling truly peaceful a pipe dream? Nope! With a little work, you can feel calm, cool, and collected (just like you deserve to).【小题1】 These work based on personal preference, so just find one that works for you!

Release what you cannot control.

This is the most important part of feeling at peace and the first place you should always start. 90% of the time, when we’re worried about something or stressed out, the source of our anxiety is really something that we have no control over.【小题2】If you can’t affect the outcome then there is no point in worrying about something.

Get an inspiration from nature.

Go sit out in an area nearby. Listen to the trees. Watch the animals. Do they seem worried about what their brother did last Christmas? Do the trees seem to notice when it starts to rain?【小题3】

Create goals.

Having a goal that you can work for can really help when you’re feeling lost and aimless in life.【小题4】Find something that you want for yourself and then figure out what you have to do to pursue it. You’ll find an inner peace when you’re working with all your soul devoted to a single goal.

【小题5】

When other people make us angry, it is usually because we cannot understand why they’re doing something that’s making us angry. Instead of blowing up at someone or stressing yourself out, try to see things from their side of the table. Think about why they did what they did... and remember that we’re all people with our own problems and our own dreams.

A.Forgive yourself.
B.Find the humanity in all people.
C.All you can do in life is to try your best and let fate take its course.
D.Happiness is on the horizon, and we’re here to show you what to do.
E.No. Nature adapts and embraces every twist and turn in life and you should too.
F.Really, what’s the point in life if you don’t have something to work towards, right?
G.A huge source of worry in our lives comes from when we beat ourselves up from inside.

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