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The belief that new technologies are causing the death of work is the idea that never goes away. Despite evidence to the contrary, we still view technological change today as being more rapid and dramatic in its consequences for work than ever before. But this is nothing new. People have always viewed the technological changes that take place during their lives as the most dramatic and dangerous that ever happened in history.

In the 1930s, the British economist(经济学家) John Maynard Keynes predicted the widespread use of electricity would produce a world where people spend most of their time doing nothing. In the United States during the 1960s, the government repeatedly investigates fears that automatic machines would permanently reduce the amount of work available. In 1988, one Australian historian claimed that at least a quarter of the workforce would be without jobs within 10 years because of computers.

Of course, none of these disasters came to pass in the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia, or anywhere else.

Yet today, we are seeing the return of these predictions, with some experts claiming the world of work is once more undergoing radical and unprecedented change. They argue that robots and other workplace technologies are causing a reduction in the total amount of work available, or are bringing a more rapid pace of substitution of machines for humans than has been seen previously.

But there is a little evidence to support such beliefs. Statistics show that the percentage of people in work, the number of hours they work, and how frequently they change jobs have remained remarkably constant over the past 20 years.

This stability should not come as a surprise. There are good reasons why we should not expect new technologies to cause the death of work. New technologies always cause job losses, but that is only part of the story. What also needs to be understood is how they increase the amount of work available.

One way this happens is through the increases in incomes that accompany the use of new technologies. With the introduction of these technologies, good and services can be produced faster, which results in higher real incomes for workers. Higher incomes then increase demand for other products and consequently more workers are needed to make them. Additionally, while new technologies are likely to substitute for some types of workers, they will also increase demand for other types of workers, especially those with higher level skills and expertise.

So, the end of work is no closer today than at any time in the past. But there is still a need to keep disproving the prediction, to reduce people's fears.

【小题1】What is the function of the second paragraph?
A.To explain the importance of developing new technology.
B.To show how technology affected employment in the past.
C.To argue that technological dangers are becoming more serious.
D.To give historical examples of unnecessary fear about new technology.
【小题2】How can employment statistics over the past 20 years best be described?
A.ConfusingB.Reliable
C.StableD.Variable
【小题3】According to paragraph 7, why does demand for products often increase after new technology is introduced?
A.There are more goods for people to choose from.
B.There is more demand for new skills in the economy.
C.Productivity improvements help raise workers’ salaries.
D.Higher quality goods at lower prices encourage consumption.
【小题4】What is the author’s opinion about the introduction of new technology?
A.It does not have an effect on most people’s jobs.
B.Its benefits are usually not worth the introduction.
C.It usually leads to a significant increase in employment.
D.Its danger to peoples employment possibilities is overstated.
2018·山东临沂·一模
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Apple revealed new ways to discover and organize apps, confirmed a significant change and announced a new feature that will let users unlock their cars with their smartphones.

The updates, announced at Apple (AAPL)’s annual Worldwide Developers Conference on Monday, highlight the company’s continued effort to involve itself into seemingly every corner of our lives, from our cars and living rooms to our personal health, while also facing the potential for app tiredness more than a decade after the App Store launched.

The company kicked off the event by focusing on iOS 14, the upcoming operating system for the iPhone. As part of its presentation, Apple unveiled a new feature called App Library, which automatically organizes the apps on your homescreen so you don’t have to scroll (滚屏) through several pages.

Apple also developed a more perfect way to discover and access new apps. The feature, called App Clips, offers a small part of an app for use at the moment it’s needed, whether it’s for ordering a scooter on demand or food from a restaurant. These apps are small in size and connect with Apple Pay. Users can then decide to download the full version of the app from the App Store.

At the same time, Apple attempted to demonstrate the still undeveloped potential of the iPhone, which remains its chief moneymaker. Having already turned the iPhone into a digital credit card, Apple now has plans to make it a digital car key. A new feature, called Carkey, will initially be available with the new 2021 BMW 5 series.

【小题1】How many new features are mentioned in the text?
A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.
【小题2】Which word can replace the underlined “unveiled” in Paragraph 3?
A.Produced.B.Developed.C.Issued.D.Downloaded.
【小题3】Which can you probably choose if the phone is out of memory?
A.App Library.B.App Clips.C.Carkey.D.Apple Watch.
【小题4】What can we know according to the text?
A.Users can start their cars with Carkey.
B.Apples has already used iOS 14 for the iPhone.
C.Users still need to scroll the screen with an App Library.
D.Apple makes profit mainly from its undeveloped potential of the iPhone.

A new high tech mirror,designed specifically for cancer patients,will only become reflective when a user smiles into it.The plug-in device,which exactly looks like a tablet,comes equipped with a mirror,a built-in camera,and a smart material triggered(触发)by some software.Facial recognition technology captures the face and instructs the surface of the mirror to change when a smile is detected.It can hang on a wall or sit on a table,much like a conventional mirror.Unlike a regular mirror,however,the price is currently standing at a surprising $2000—$3000.

After witnessing a close family member struggle through cancer treatments,Turkish industrial designer Berk Ilhan decided to focus his work primarily on products that would cultivate joy and benefit cancer patients directly.

She told me in the first days after her diagnosis,it was difficult for her to look in the mirror and acknowledge she had cancer.”he said.“Our facial expressions affect how we feel.If we flex(绷紧)our facial muscles to smile,our brains think that something good happened and as a result,we feel happiness.”

After earning his master’s degree at the School of Visual Arts in New York,Ilhan spent several weeks visiting cancer hospitals in Turkey,speaking to both patients and doctors.He spent two years designing and developing the mirror.The idea behind it is that smiling,even when forced,can make us feel better,according to research known as the facial feedback hypothesis.Laughter is linked to improved immune system function,and some researchers claim it can even increase our lifespans.

Ilhan is currently producing the mirror in limited quantities at the previously mentioned price.The product,however,will soon be launching a campaign in which Ilhan hopes to raise enough funds to bring the price down to $500.He also intends to donate the mirror to hospitals when it is financially possible to do so.

【小题1】What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 1 ?
A.To advertise a new high tech mirror.
B.To give a brief introduction of a mirror.
C.To emphasize the importance of smiling.
D.To introduce facial recognition technology.
【小题2】What does“she”underlined in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A.A cancer doctor.
B.An industrial designer.
C.A family member of the designer’s.
D.A student at the School of Visual Arts.
【小题3】Why did Berk Ilhan design the mirror?
A.To prove a theory.
B.To make a large profit.
C.To get a doctor’s degree.
D.To benefit cancer patients.
【小题4】What can be the best title for the text?
A.High-Tech Mirror That Works When You Smile
B.Our Facial Expressions Affect How We Feel
C.High-Tech Mirror VS Regular Mirror
D.Turkish Designer Promotes Mirrors

In a study published in the U. S. journal Science, researchers from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS) and the University of Florida identified the chemical combinations and genetic recipe for better tomato flavor(味道).

“In recent years, consumers often complain that the modern tomato is less flavorful than it once was” said co-principal researcher Sanwen Huang. “Our results provide a practical road map for breeding tomato varieties with better flavor.”

For the study, a 170-person consumer group was created to evaluate 160 tomatoes representing 101 varieties, based on qualities such as “overall liking” and “flavor degree”. The results pointed to dozens of chemical compounds of interest, and further research using a statistical model discovered 33 flavor compounds connected with consumer liking, such as glucose(葡萄糖). The reason why modern tomatoes don’t taste good anymore is that a total of 13 of these flavor-associated compounds “were significantly reduced in modern varieties,” their paper wrote. Moreover, the researchers found that smaller fruit tended to have greater sugar content, suggesting that “selection for more sizable tomatoes has cost sweetness and flavor”.

Based on this knowledge, Huang and Professor Harry Klee of the University of Florida studied the whole genomes of 398 varieties of tomato, identifying about 250 positions of genes on a chromosome(染色体), which controlled tomato flavor.

“We’re just fixing what has been damaged over the last half century to push them back to where they were a century ago,” said Klee in a statement. “We can make the supermarket tomato taste noticeably better.” Klee said new tomato varieties with better flavor could be ready in three to four years. In addition, “the genes and pathways identified here in the tomato almost certainly point to pathways worth researching for improvement of flavor quality in other fruit crops,” they wrote.

【小题1】According to the text, the study ________.
A.was carried out just through a survey
B.was conducted by Chinese researchers themselves
C.was completely focused on the genes of different tomatoes
D.was done with the background of declining flavor of tomatoes
【小题2】The researchers have found that ________ in the study.
A.bigger tomatoes are much sweeter
B.some genetic positions affect the taste of tomatoes
C.some chemical compounds make tomatoes less tasty
D.a total of 13 flavor-associated compounds make tomatoes appealing in taste
【小题3】What is the influence of the study according to the text?
A.The study lays the foundation for further researches to improve other fruit crops’ flavor.
B.The study makes it possible for us to have noticeably more tasty tomatoes next year.
C.The study provides a road for where to plant tomatoes with better flavor.
D.The study has fixed all the genes of existing tomatoes.

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