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American English began in the 17th century. At the beginning of the 17th century, the English language was brought to North America by colonists (殖民者) from England. They used the language spoken in England, that is, Elizabethan English, the language used by Shakespeare.

In order to exploit (开发) new resources in America, British colonists settled down there and from 1607 to 1732 set up thirteen colonies. In these thirteen areas, English was a common language used by all people. They continued to speak as they had done in England.

As time went by, the English language gradually changed on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Foreigners longing for wealth set foot on the coastal area to trade. The Americans adopted many words from foreign languages and invented lots of new words to meet their commercial (贸易的) needs.

Following American Independence, famous people like Thomas Jefferson, the president, began to consider that the country should have a language of its own. Noah Webster compiled (编纂) three elementary books on English. Later, he expressed the idea that as an independent nation, America should have a system of its own in language as well as in government. After the second half of the 19th century, many great writers such as Mark Twain helped the development of American English.

English in America has developed a character of its own, showing the life and the physical and social environment of the American people. Since the rise of the United States to a position of world importance, American English has been developing and changing. There is no doubt that American English will enrich the English language greatly. With the rapid development of modern mass media and the common needs of economic, cultural and political exchanges, American English will be more widely used in the world than British English.

【小题1】What can we infer from paragraph 3?
A.People from the seaside were more willing to learn English.
B.The English language changed as a result of inner culture shock.
C.New words occurred in American English as a result of local invention.
D.International business contributed to the development of American English.
【小题2】What do we know about American English according to the passage?
A.It came into being at the end of the 17th century.
B.It hardly makes contributions to the development of English.
C.Its development has a close relationship with American people’s life.
D.It has been more widely used than British English from the beginning.
【小题3】What’s the best title for the passage?
A.The Difference between American English and British English.
B.The development of American English.
C.The Birth of American English.
D.Language and Business.
19-20高二上·山东济南·期中
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People speak English in different parts of the world. The same words can be used in different ways, depending on where you live. People can also have completely different ways of saying the same thing.

The Oxford English Dictionary(OED) is asking the public to help it add new words. Editors want to find the regional differences in English around the world. They want to expand its record of the language.

Last year, the OED, BBC Radio and the Forward Arts Foundation teamed up to find local words in the United Kingdom. It resulted in more than 100 regional words and phrases being added to the dictionary. One was “cuddy winter”, which means a left-handed person.

Now, the OED is widening its search to English speakers around the world. Eleanor Maier, an editor at OED, said the response has been great. Editors are listing a bunch of suggestions to include in the dictionary.

These include Hawaii's “hammajang” which means “in a disorderly state”. Another is the word for a swimming costume, " lookers" or “duckers”. It is used in Scotland.

The OED also might include the word “ frog-drowner” , which Americans might use to describe a downpour of rain. Another possibility is “brick”. It means “very cold” to people in New Jersey and New York City.

The dictionary has already found that, depending on location, a picture hanging off center might be described as “agley”. It might also be called “catawampous” or “ahoo”.

“The OED aims to cover all types of English,” Maier said. That includes scientific words, slang and regional language. Maier also said that it can be difficult for the OED's editors to identify regional words. The terms are more often spoken than written down.

The appeal is called Words Where You Are. It is looking for more suggestions. “We were surprised and pleased by the number of regional words we were able to include,” said Maier.

【小题1】"Cold" is closest in meaning to                 .
A.hammajangB.dockersC.brickD.ahoo
【小题2】Which local word of the following is most likely from regions of the United Kingdom?
A.agleyB.frog-drownerC.cuddy winterD.brick
【小题3】What can be inferred from the passage?
A.It is challenging to create a complete collection of regional words.
B.People pay little attention to the appeal for regional words.
C.People use regional words only when they are home or with close friends.
D.Having an understanding of regional words can be helpful when communicating.
【小题4】Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?
A.It's time to trace the source of local words.
B.The same English words can be used to say different things.
C.Oxford Dictionary aims to enlarge its collection to appeal to locals.
D.Oxford Dictionary will include more regional words from around the globe.

Every people has their own way of saying things, their own special expressions. Many everyday American expressions are based on colors.

Red is a hot color. Americans often use it to express heat. They may say they are red hot about something unfair. When they are red hot they are very angry about something. The small hot tasting peppers found in many Mexican foods are called red-hots for their color and their fiery taste. Fast loud music is popular with many people. They may say the music is red hot, especially the kind called Dixieland jazz.

Pink is a lighter kind of red. People sometimes say they are in the pink when they are in good health. The expression was first used in America at the beginning of the twentieth century. It probably comes from the fact that many babies are born with a nice pink color that shows that they are in good health.

Blue is a cool color. The traditional blues music in the United States is the opposite of red hot music. Blue is slow, sad and soulful. Duke Ellington and his orchestra recorded a famous song-Mood Indigo-about the deep blue color, indigo. In the words of the song:” You aren't blue till you've had that Mood Indigo. " Someone who is blue is very sad.

The color green is natural for trees and grass. But it is an unnatural color for humans. A person who has a sick feeling stomach may say she feels a little green. A passenger on a boat who is feeling very sick from high waves may look very green.

Sometimes a person may be upset because he does not have something as nice as a friend has, like a fast new car. That person may say he is green with envy. Some people are green with envy because a friend has more dollars or greenbacks. Dollars are called greenbacks because that is the color of the back side of the paper money.

The color black is used often in expressions. People describe a day in which everything goes wrong as a black day. The date of a major tragedy is remembered as a black day. A blacklist is illegal now. But at one time, some businesses refused to employ people who were on a blacklist for belonging to unpopular organizations.

【小题1】If you had your wallet stolen while doing some shopping, you may call it__________.
A.a white dayB.a black dayC.a red dayD.a green day
【小题2】Suppose Mr. Brown says he is very happy because his three children are all in the pink, this means all his children are________.
A.lucky and wealthyB.gentle and modest
C.fit and healthyD.creative and energetic
【小题3】When she got home and found nothing had been done by her husband, Jane was really__________.
A.red-hotB.greenC.blueD.black

“Can’t hold a candle to” is a popular expression. When there wasn’t electricity, someone would have a servant light his way by holding a candle. The expression meant that the person who cannot hold a candle to you is not fit even to be your servant. Now, it means such a person cannot compare or compete.

Another expression is “hold your tongue.” It means to be still and not talk. “Hold your tongue” is not something you would tell a friend. But a parent or teacher might use the expression to quiet a noisy child.

“Hold out” is an expression one hears often in sports reports and labor news. It means to refuse to play or work. Professional football and baseball players ‘‘hold out” if their team refuses to pay them what they think they are worth.

The expression “hold up” has several different meanings. One is a robbery. A man with a gun may say, “This is a hold-up. Give me your money.” Another meaning is to delay. A driver who was held up by heavy traffic might be late for work. Another meaning is for a story to be considered true after an investigation. A story can hold up if it is proved true.

“Hold on” is another expression, which means waiting or stopping. As you leave for school, your brother may say, “Hold on, you forgot your book.” It is used to ask a telephone caller to wait and not hang up his telephone.

Our final expression is “hold the line”. That means to keep a problem or situation from getting worse—to hold steady. For example, the president may say he will “hold the line on taxes”. He means there will be no increase in taxes.

【小题1】The expression “can’t hold a candle to” can be used when ________.
A.some footballers refuse to play a game
B.someone else is wanted on the phone
C.someone is not qualified for a position
D.someone was delayed by heavy traffic
【小题2】The tune of the phrase “hold your tongue” is probably a little        ________.
A.amusingB.polite
C.unfriendlyD.offensive
【小题3】If some teachers “hold out”, they probably ________.
A.change their attitudeB.refuse to work
C.make a compromiseD.show their devotion
【小题4】Which of the following sentences can convey positive meanings?
A.I was late as I was held up by a hold-up.
B.Hold on! You have to pay the bill, sir.
C.You can’t even hold a candle to Michael.
D.I promise to hold the line on house prices.

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