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In most cases wars are initiated by governments,not by populations.And,most of the time,they are the result of disputes over resources and land,or of a government’s desire to increase its influence and power.However, looking back over the history of warfare,what is most striking is how willing most people have been to fight in wars,or at least to support them.

The early American psychologist William James once suggested that war is so popular because of its positive psychological effects.It creates a sense of unity in the face of a collective threat and inspires individual citizens (not just soldiers) to behave honorably and unselfishly, in the service of a greater good.It supplies meaning and purpose beyond the routine of everyday life.War also enables the expression of higher human qualities that often lie hidden in ordinary life,such as courage and self-sacrifice.

James’s argument is that human beings need to find activities that provide the same positive effects of warfare but which don’t involve the same destruction,or as he calls it.“the moral equivalent of war”.

In stable , peaceful and more economically developed countries,life is so rich and varied that there are many ways of satisfying these needs—through sport,our careers,entertainment and hobbies.However, in other parts of the world where life is especially hard—when people live in poverty and are oppressed,and where there is little hope for the future,it's harder to satisfy those impulses,and if there is an obvious enemy or oppressor to direct them towards,then war is almost unavoidable.


This isn’t to say that a waning party may not have a just cause,and this argument doesn’t explore other important social and psychological factors involved in war, such as social identity and moral exclusion.However, it does show that any stable.1asting peace depends on creating societies with a richness of opportunity and variety that can meet human needs.The fact that so many societies throughout the world fail to do this makes our future prospects of peace look very gloomy.The author’s attitude towards the future is __________.
A.pessimisticB.optimistic
C.objectiveD.uncertain
2018高三·全国·专题练习
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One afternoon last week, I saw three tearful children from my son’s school being comforted by teachers. That morning, my 11-year-old had stomach pains, retching(干呕)into a bowl. Talking to other mothers later, I heard about other children with stomachache or difficult sleeping the night before.

What caused so much pain? Sports day. Sports day might be necessary at a highly-competitive independent school, but not at a village primary school. For the children who can fly like the wind, sports day cause no problem. For those who are overweight or just not good at sport, it is nightmare(噩梦). Even for those who enjoy running but fall halfway down the track in front of the entire school and their parents, it can prove a disease.

Why do we put our children through this annual suffering? Some may say competition is character building; or it’s taking part, not winning, that’s important; or that’s a tradition of school life. I just felt great pity for those children in tears or in pain.

Team games at the end of sports day produced some close races, wild enthusiasm, lots of shouting — and were fun to watch. More importantly, the children who were not so fast or quick at passing the ball were hidden a little from everyone’s eyes. Some of them also had the thrill of being on the winning side.

I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced with some other less competitive event. Perhaps an afternoon of team games, with a few races for those who want them, would be less stressful for the children and a lot more fun to watch.

【小题1】What can we learn about the author’s son from Paragraph 1?
A.He talked with some mothers.B.He comforted his classmates.
C.He had difficulty in sleeping.D.He suffered from stomachache.
【小题2】Sports day is still an annul event in this school probably because __________.
A.this is an independent schoolB.it is a tradition of the school
C.it helps children lose weightD.children enjoy watching sports
【小题3】What does the author think about team games?
A.They should include more stressful races.
B.They are acceptable to different children.
C.They should be abandoned at primary school.
D.They are less fun for those who love running.

Beliefs form a big part of our lives. Successful people have always believed that they can be and will be successful in their lives, such as Michael Phelps. Many of us have seen Michael Phelps win 8 gold medals in a single Olympic Games. That has created a history for himself. Many people have admired his success and the first reaction in their mind will be, “Wow, how I wish I could be like him!” Have you ever wondered what brought him success?

In fact, anyone can achieve what they have wanted to achieve. It is about beliefs. Everyone is a born winner. It is this belief that drives an individual to be successful in his or her own field. All successful individuals have strong beliefs and it is one of the bases for their success. If we start to believe in ourselves, the things that we can achieve will definitely give us a pleasant surprise.

Other than having a strong belief, it is the attitude that drives the individual to create their own history. The devotion towards themselves and the drive must also be present. Imagine having a strong belief in oneself and having a poor attitude towards life. Then how would that individual turn out to be? One’s attitude comprises the drive, the devotion and the desire to achieve his goals. If one has strong beliefs about the goals that he can achieve and he displays good attitudes towards them, it would be no surprise to anyone that he will be able to achieve his goals.

Start believing in yourself and you will achieve your goals and with the right positive attitude, you will definitely be able to create the miracle that you have always dreamt of.

【小题1】Which of the following is the best summary of Paragraph 2?
A.Where there is a will, there is a way.B.Good begun is half done.
C.No pains, no gains.D.God helps those who help themselves.
【小题2】The underlined word “comprises” in Paragraph 3 most probably means_______?
A.serve asB.belongs toC.consists ofD.stands for
【小题3】It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
A.attitudes can be learned from one’s parents
B.only strong beliefs can’t ensure you a promising future
C.copying other’s behaviors is a good way to succeed
D.attitudes can only be learned through one’s success
【小题4】What would be the best title for the passage?
A.Differences Between Beliefs and Attitudes
B.The Nature of Beliefs and Positive Attitudes
C.Relationship Between Beliefs and Attitudes
D.The Power of Beliefs and Positive Attitudes

Being a college student during a pandemic (流行病)means you're probably working from home internship (实习).Working remotely has become a positive trend (趋势)and more people are realizing that it's not only easy to do, but is also environmentally and economically (经济上)friendly.

Although, there are some challenges and difficulties to overcome when you work from home internship. Interns doesn't have interacting(互动)with the workmates and don't get as much hands-on experience, which can be disappointing at times.

It's important to make connections with your workmates   while serving your internship. Normally, this is done by being in the office every day and gathering near the water cooler to chat or in meetings. Making connections and building relationships with coworkers while working from home is a major challenge. This can be done in a couple of different ways.

The first is to stick to meetings with your supervisor (上级).Plan a weekly, or daily if necessary, meeting to talk about your projects and to build a relationship together. Besides, join in your team meetings when you can contribute something important or meaningful. You can even master the art of small talk so you know that your voice is being heard by every workmate. Il's admirable for a young intern, especially one who works from home, to speak up. Lastly, you can join in any teambuilding exercises or social events. Since working remotely has become the new normal, companies are trying to come up with activities that help coworkers unite together even when they aren't face-to-face.

【小题1】What's the author's attitude towards “working remotely”?
A.Pessimistic.B.Optimistic.
C.Uncertain.D.Questioning.
【小题2】Which is the possible weakness of “working remotely" ?
A.The difficulty in interacting with others.
B.Being unable to get working experience.
C.Feeling disappointed all the time.
D.Losing touch with your supervisor.
【小题3】How many pieces of advice are given in Paragraph 4?
A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four.
【小题4】What's the best title for the passage?
A.Communicating Much While Working from Home Internship
B.Getting the Most from Working from Home Internship
C.Combining Office Culture with Working from Home Internship
D.Experiencing Working from Home Internship when You Graduate

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