The discovery of a dwarfed (矮个的) “human being” who lived in Flores, Indonesia (印度尼西亚), up to 18,000 years ago is changing the way we think about the human family. This “Flores Human” was three feet tall and her brain was smaller than that of the average chimp (黑猩猩), yet she and her relatives apparently lived fully human lives. They seemed to have made tools, worked together to find food and cook it, and perhaps even buried the dead with ceremony.
It was a major surprise to find tools associated with the new human family member. The tools are like those formerly seen only with European fossils (化石) from our own species, Homo sapiens (智人), and the oldest of them were made 94,000 years ago. Homo sapiens is thought to have arrived in the island about 40,000 years ago, much too late to be responsible for the tools. If this_tiny_human made the tools, then the inside structure (结构) of its brain must have been more like our own than a chimp’s, despite being just a third the size of ours.
This “new human” was suspected to be a dwarfed branch of Homo erectus (直立人). When creatures are separated in regions with rare resources but few enemies, being big is a disadvantage, and evolution tends to shrink them, a process known as island dwarfing. Could natural selection make a human smaller while keeping — even improving — mental ability? Quite possibly, believes Christopher Wills of the University of California.
Has the “Flores Human” even shown the ability of language? “I find it difficult to imagine that people could make tools, use fire, and kill large animals without fairly advanced communication.” says Wills. Did “Flores Human” possess the basic components of human culture,such as the burying of the dead with ceremony? Emiliano Bruner of the Institute points out that Indonesia’s hot, wet environment is bad for fossilization. It is reasonable to assume, he says, that the 18,000yearold bones of the most complete Flores woman were well preserved because she was buried with special care.
【小题1】According to the passage, “Flores Human” ________.A.lived a partly human life |
B.was a branch of Homo sapiens |
C.used tools before Homo sapiens arrived |
D.had a brain as a common chimp’s |
A.a chimp | B.Flores Human |
C.Homo sapiens | D.Homo erectus |
A.the tools made by “Flores Human” |
B.the language used by “Flores Human” |
C.the evolution of “Flores Human” |
D.the major surprising findings about “Flores Human” |
A.was dwarfed by its enemies |
B.could use language |
C.left a lot of fossils in hot and wet environment |
D.reached Flores 40,000 years ago |
Here are some of the stereotypes or false impressions about Germany that we’re sick and tired of hearing.
Germans are unfriendly
If you’re living in Germany, don’t expect to make casual chat at the supermarket or bus stop. But it doesn’t mean Germans are unfriendly. The truth is that a lot of Germans are just more particular about when they socialize. If you’re in a space that’s made for socializing-anything from a dinner party to a nightclub-that cold shoulder you get in public will usually disappear.
Germans put efficiency ahead of everything
To some degree, it is true. For example, you might notice that the bus runs usually on time, and that there’s a lot of enthusiasm for recycling and careful uses of resources. On the other side, though, anyone who has lived in Germany might have had painful experiences with its public services. From taxes to gas bill, almost everything happens slowly and on paper.
German food is terrible
Ask foreigners about food in Germany and it’s likely that they will say it is too heavy on tasteless sausage and bread. But those complaints overlook a wealth of fantastic food, both cheap and fancy.
For one thing, Germany has 309 restaurants with Michelin stars, more than any other country except France, Italy and Japan. For those who don’t want to throw down € 100 on a meal, Germany also has a variety of bakeries. The country’s bread-making culture has its own UNESCO listing, and sweet treats from apple or cherry cakes to doughnuts are excellent, too.
【小题1】Where do Germans most likely have small talks?A.In a gym. | B.In the office. | C.At the supermarket. | D.At a dinner party. |
A.The public transport isn’t well-managed. | B.Waste is rarely recycled. |
C.Online services aren’t easily available. | D.A lot of resources are wasted. |
A.Diverse. | B.Cheap. | C.Boring. | D.Expensive. |
How to stop glasses fogging up with a face mask
Wearing a mask keeps you safe during the pandemic, but it comes with its own set of challenges. And, one of the biggest drawbacks of wearing a mask is how much your glasses fog up and affect your vision. Taking off your glasses to wipe them clean each time it fogs up is not only frustrating, but it can also increase the risk of infection.
Twist your mask strings. From the side, once you twist it, the strings will look like the figure eight. This is great for stopping fogging because it redirects your breath by putting slight downward pressure on the top part of the mask.
Wash your glasses with soap. If you wash your glasses with soap, its molecules (分子) create a thin film on your lenses which limits fogging. Use a fragrance-free soap and mix it with warm water. Put your glasses in it and let it air dry.
Put a tissue under the top part of the mask.
A.Put glasses in the water. |
B.When you wear your glasses next, soap molecules on your lenses should block fogging. |
C.Change the position of your masks and glasses. |
D.So the key is to prevent or minimize fogging due to face masks. |
E.Cover your chin with masks to prevent need for repositioning when talking. |
F.However, it’s worth noting that it does create a slight gap between the mask and your face. |
G.It will help catch air and damp, keeping your glasses free of fog. |
Music is part of our life.
Pregnancy (孕期)
High Stress Tasks
Going to see the doctor or the dentist can be somewhat scary experiences. You might therefore want to request some calming music.
A.Medical Appointments |
B.Important Interviews |
C.Most people tend to use calming music. |
D.Many doctors actually already provide this. |
E.Parents hope their babies can grow under calming music. |
F.Science has proven that musical tones affect the brain waves. |
G.Gentle tunes can help you deal with stressful work well. |
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