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A recent study points out a so-called “gender-equality paradox(性别平等悖论)”: there are more women in STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) in countries with lower gender equality. Why do women make up 40 percent of engineering majors in Jordan, but only 34 percent in Sweden and 19 percent in the U.S.? The researchers suggest that women are just less interested in STEM, and when liberal Western countries let them choose freely, they freely choose different fields.

We disagree.

From cradle to classroom, a wealth of research shows that the environment has a major influence on girls’ interest and ability in math and science. Early in school, teachers, unconscious prejudice push girls away from STEM. By their preteen years, girls outperform boys in science class and report equal interest in the subject, but parents think that science is harder and less interesting for their daughters than their sons, and these misunderstandings predict their children’s career choices.

Later in life, women get less credit than men for the same math performance. When female STEM majors write to potential PhD advisors, they are less likely to get a response. When STEM professors review applications for research positions, they are less likely to hire “Jennifer” than “John,” even when both applications are otherwise identical—and if they do hire “Jennifer,” they pay her $4,000 less.

These findings make it clear that women in Western countries are not freely expressing their lack of “interest” in STEM. In fact, cultural attitudes and discrimination are shaping women’s interests in a way that is anything but free, even in otherwise free countries.

“Gender-equality paradox” research misses those social factors because it relies on a broad measure of equality called the Gender Gap Index (GGI), which tracks indicators such as wage difference, government representation and health outcomes. These are important markers of progress, but if we want to explain something as complicated as gender representation in STEM, we have to look into people’s heads.

Fortunately, we have ways to do that. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a well-validated tool for measuring how tightly two concepts are tied together in people’s minds. The psychologist Brian Nosek and his colleagues analyzed over 500,000 responses to a version of the IAT that measures mental associations between men/women and science, and compared results from 34 countries. Across the world, people associated science more strongly with men than with women.

But surprisingly, these gendered associations were stronger in supposedly egalitarian (主张平等的) Sweden than they were in the U.S., and the most pro-female scores came from Jordan. We re-analyzed the study’s data and found that the GGI’s assessment of overall gender equality of a country has nothing to do with that country’s scores on the science IAT.

That means the GGI fails to account for cultural attitudes toward women in science and the complicated mix of history and culture that forms those attitudes.

Comparison

A recent study

The author’s idea

Opinions

“Gender-equality paradox” 【小题1】 from the personal reason that women are less interested in STEM.

The environment including cultural attitudes and discrimination is 【小题2】 women’s interests.

Facts

【小题3】 with Jordan and Sweden, America had the least percentage of women majoring in engineering.

• Early in school: Girls perform 【小题4】 than boys in science.
• Later in life: Female STEM majors are more likely to be 【小题5】 by potential PhD advisors.

Tools

It is 【小题6】 on GGI.

IAT 【小题7】 how tightly two concepts are tied together in people’s minds.

Findings

Women in liberal Western countries tend to 【小题8】 STEM.

• The GGFs assessment of overall gender equality is not 【小题9】 to that country’s scores on the science IAT.
• The GGI can’t 【小题10】 people’s cultural attitudes towards women in science, which are formed by a mix of history and culture.

17-18高二下·江苏徐州·期末
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In my very first job with some archaeologists, I wasn’t digging objects out of the ground, instead I was employed as an artist, drawing what they found. However, I was soon more interested in the stories behind the objects than in drawing them and that’s how my career in archaeology started. I still draw what I find in my work as a specialist on the Silk Road, the old trade route running from Egypt to Mongolia, and I also work on some underwater projects too.

In archaeology, my all-time hero is an American called Raphael Pumpelly. I first heard about him when I was a student on a trip to Turkmenistan, a country right in the heart of Asia. To get around the country, I had to learn Russian so that I could speak to the local people. When I got there I thought, “Wow! I’m one of the first Americans here!” Then an old man told me about an American archaeologist, Raphael Pumpelly, who was there doing the same thing over 100 years ago.

Archaeology’s in my family. My wife’s in the same profession, and, although our two boys aren’t interested in the future in archaeology themselves, we’ve been on some great digs together and they love what we do because they get to travel with us. Last summer, we took them to Lake Titicaca in South America, in the high areas of the Andes mountain range. My best experience was when I was digging on the Egyptian Red Sea coast. There’s very little rain and it’s so dry that everything is kept as it was. In an old house, where the owner used to store goods from the ships that came in, I picked up a 700-year-old mat in front of the house and there, under it, after all that time, was the house key with the owner’s name carved on it. It felt like he could be on his way home any minute! And I thought, “Hey, I do just that. This man’s not much different to me!”

【小题1】While working in Egypt, what did the writer find so interesting?
A.That people from different centuries can be so similar.
B.The fact that the doormat was in such good condition.
C.The way the people managed to live in such a dry place.
D.That there had been so much trade in that area.
【小题2】Which entry will the writer probably make in his diary?
A.Turkmenistan is interesting. I’m the first American to come here but I’m glad this is my last trip away.
B.I have been diving today and found some objects for an exhibition. I’ve just finished drawing them for my records.
C.I wish my children weren’t more interested in archaeology and would not work hard in the open like their parents.
D.It’s nearly dark but Raphael’s still busy digging in that old house. He can be very annoying. He thinks he’s the most important person here.
【小题3】What is the writer’s main purpose in writing the text?
A.To describe the life of an archaeologist he admires.
B.To persuade people to take up archaeology as a career.
C.To explain what he enjoys about being an archaeologist.
D.To show how archaeologists work.

Arthur Dubois isn't your typical grandfather. That's because at 72 years old, the Chicago resident is a newly discovered hip-hop artist.

This week, Dubois walked into Haven Studios, a music program on the South Side of Chicago that supports young ambitious artists. The owner of Haven Studios, Andre "Add-2" Daniels, said Dubois claimed he was "young at heart." So, Daniels decided to listen to Dubois' music. He was completely floored. Daniels quickly took videos showcasing Dubois' talents and posted them to Twitter. His tweet went viral, receiving thousands of reactions within a matter of days. Now, Dubois' talents have even caught the attention of some famous hip-hop producers.

"It's not what you would expect, right?" Daniels says in one of the videos. Dubois music is playing in the background, giving a steady beat that easily invites listeners to dance.

Dubois said his style was entirely self-taught. He first started teaching himself to produce hip-hop beats about six years ago, after he retired. "I found something to do," he told NPR's Scott Simon. "I had to learn how to do the computer and music at the same time." Dubois taught himself by using the audio editing software. Now he's learning another new skill-social media. Dubois' newfound social media fame has been a little overwhelming for him. "I was shocked," he said. "I broke down and cried because I didn't know that many people liked me." Daniels has helped Dubois set up accounts on Twitter and Instagram for his fans to follow, "I'd never used Instargram, Twitter and all that other stuff," Dubois said. "Because I didn't believe in that stuff myself. But now I've got lo have it." The attention doesn't seem to have gone to Dubois' head though-he doesn't really care about getting famous or making money. "I just want to put it out there and let other people hear my music."

【小题1】What does the underlined word "floored" in Paragraph 2 mean?
A.Astonished.B.Scared.
C.Nervous.D.Hurt.
【小题2】Who helped Dubois take up hip-hop?
A.Daniels.B.He himself.
C.NPR's Scott Simon.D.Hip-hop producers.
【小题3】What can we infer from the text?
A.Daniels set up accounts for Dubois.
B.Daniels didn't enjoy Dubois' music at first.
C.Dubois seeks for personal fame and wealth.
D.Dubois didn't expect his popularity on the Internet.
【小题4】What can we conclude from the passage?
A.Well begun in half done.
B.It's never too late to learn.
C.Lost time in never found again.
D.One good turn deserves another.

I still remember my friends giving me the advice: Try something new. I was stressed and, of course, also on my phone too much. I was writing about food for work, so cooking didn’t really count as a hobby anymore, nor did reading, nor socializing, especially since all of my friends worked in my industry. I needed something in my life that existed apart from all that.

“Maybe something you can do with your hands.” The suggestion felt like an escape exit: Maybe a hobby could free me from my work. Cooking had once been the thing I did to relax when I got home from work, the thing I was curious about, and the thing that made my brain away from its standard complaints. The kitchen had once been a release, but now it was part of my professional life. It needed a replacement. A few months later, I dutifully signed up for a ceramics (制陶艺术) class at a studio near my apartment.

At the studio, I started as a lazy learner, but after a few months I became addicted, signing up for more classes when my term ended. I had a place to go in my free time and something to be curious about, and my goals were unrelated to outer forces: a boss, a job, a market, a reader. Unlike with writing, my progress was quantifiable (可量化的): Now I can make a vase this tall. Now I have made a pot. Now my handles are beautiful. Now I have made two things that more or less look like a pair.

Finally finding a hobby that was just for my own enjoyment was a release. I enjoy having something to do that didn’t involve a screen and therefore felt far from the style of work to which I was most accustomed — hands covered in clay cannot swipe (滑屏) very well. Making time for this also means carving out time, for creation and inspiration, and also for the rest that is required for me to reflect on my life. It is something more than a new hobby. This is the peace that everyone needs in our life.

【小题1】What does the underlined sentence in the first paragraph mean?
A.Cooking meant a lot to her.
B.Cooking was her cup of tea.
C.Cooking wasn’t a hobby that mattered.
D.Cooking wasn’t really a hobby for her.
【小题2】What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?
A.The author is too lazy to learn ceramics.B.The author enjoys the hands-on classes.
C.The author is tired of ceramics classes.D.The author spends much time writing.
【小题3】How does the author feel with the new hobby?
A.Calm.B.Confident.
C.Excited.D.Energetic.
【小题4】What’s the writing purpose of this text?
A.To introduce an interesting hobby.B.To share a story about a new hobby.
C.To show the benefits of having a hobby.D.To help readers choose a new hobby.

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