Consecutive and Simultaneous Translation

When encountering a foreign language barrier, people often turn to professionals to translate or interpret for them. The term “translation” is the neutral term used for activities to turn the meaning or expression in one language (the source language) into the corresponding meaning of another (the target language), whether the medium is spoken or written. In certain professional contexts, however, a distinction is drawn between people who work with the spoken or signed language (interpreters) and those who work with the written language (translators). While both professions involve the presentation of information between source and target languages, they are still considered distinct, and it is hard to find a person who enjoys both. Some writers on translation, indeed, consider the interpreting task to be more suitable for extrovert personalities and the translating task for introverts.

Interpreting is today widely known for its use in international political life. When senior ministers from different cultures and language backgrounds meet, the television record invariably shows a pair of interpreters hovering in the background. At major conferences, such as the United Nations General Assembly, the presence of headphones is a clear indication that an important linguistic exercise is going on. In everyday circumstances, interpreters are frequently needed. Often, the business of law courts, hospitals, local health clinics, classrooms or industrial tribunals cannot be carried on without interpreters. Given the importance and frequency of this work, it is remarkable that so little study has been made of what actually happens when interpreting takes place, and of how successful an exercise it is.

There are two categories of interpretation: consecutive and simultaneous. In a consecutive mode of interpreting, the interpreter provides his or her interpretation after the original speech or some section of it has been finished. During the course of the speech, the interpreter has to focus attention on comprehending and analyzing its content. Here the length of each segment to be translated makes a difference to the interpreter’s strategies and outcomes. If the segment is just one sentence or two, the interpreter closely follows the original speech. Nevertheless, the interpreter is often expected to translate a long speech which may last for scores of minutes or even longer. Faced with this situation, he has to remember a great number of messages and keep them in mind until he begins his translation. For this to be possible, the interpreter must record the original messages using a complex system of symbols to express what the speaker is saying.

Consecutive interpreting, which is widely employed in informal situations, as well as in committee meetings and small conferences, presumably dates from the Tower of Babel. The interpreter translates after the speaker has finished speaking. It does break the rhythm of the original language, but that is the nature of it. In larger and more formal events, therefore, where the meaning needs to be delivered effectively and accurately, it has been generally replaced by simultaneous interpreting, whose development arose from the availability of modern audiological equipment and the advent of growing international interaction following the Second World War.

Love is not a simple feeling. Although we love our family and friends, sometimes we just don’t know how to show our love to them. In fact, people give love in different ways. Each way can be called a “love language”. 【小题1】. 

First, offering praise. 【小题2】. Praise means attention and care.

“You’ve done a good job.” “These shoes look nice on you.” ... Such praise will make others pleased.

【小题3】. A gift means “I care about you.” The gift does not have to be expensive. Perhaps a piece of chocolate is OK.

Third, spending time together. Have a relaxing time and do things we all enjoy. Don’t be busy all the time. Have a picnic with the family. 【小题4】. 

Fourth, being a good listener. 【小题5】. When someone is down, what he wants is our understanding. Don’t talk about ourselves too much.

These love languages help us to express love. They also make us understand love from others.

Filial piety(孝心) is China's most important morality and involves strong deference(顺从) to one's parents. Thus, filial piety is an important value when it comes to treating one's immediate family, elders and superiors in general.

Origins

Filial piety was originally mentioned in the Western Zhou, 【小题1】.

Meaning

Filial piety is a general attitude of offering love, respect, support, and deference to one's parents and other elders in the family, such as grandparents or older siblings.【小题2】．Besides, it involves working hard in order to provide material comforts for parents.

The idea stems from the fact that parents give life to their children, and subsequently support them throughout their developing years in terms of providing food, education, and material needs.【小题3】．

Chinese character

Boy looking at the Chinese character for filial piety, you will learn a lot about the term's definition.

【小题4】. The character is a combination of the character lao, which means “old” and zi, which means son. The top half of the character lao forms the top half of the character xiao, whereas the character that represents son forms the bottom half of the character.

【小题5】．The character xiao shows that the older person or generation is being supported by the son, or children in general.