Bolivia has a population of three and a half million. About one tenth of the total population are white; one-fourth are mixed Indians and white; and more than half are full-blooded Indians. The government and the industries are under the control of the white people.
The Indians today live in much the same way as their ancestors. Most of them are farmers. Many work in the mines, for mining is the most important industry on Bolivia’s. Of all the mining products, tin is the most important, which makes up three-fourths of all Bolivia’s exports. The eastern slopes of the Andes, since there are very few roads there, are fertile but not highly developed. The two primary means of transportation are river boats and porters. East of the hill region is the great plains where tropical plants are grown. A serious problem for Bolivia is the transport of food from the warm regions, where it is grown, to the mountainous regions, where most of the people live.
Bolivia gained its independence from Spain about a hundred years ago. It has been slow in developing, but its rich resources promise a better future in it.
【小题1】The majority of the Bolivian population are __________.A.full-blooded Indians | B.mixed Indian and white |
C.white citizens | D.all whites and mixed-blooded people |
A.quite different from that of their ancestors | B.quite interesting |
C.almost the same as their ancestors’ | D.very exciting |
A.there are thick forests there | B.there are very few roads there |
C.there are many fine mines there | D.they are not fertile enough |
A.mining products | B.rich resources |
C.independence from Spain | D.two primary means of transportation |
The cheerful smiles and legendary strength of the Sherpas(夏尔巴人) have been an essential part of Mount Everest climbing expeditions(探险) from the very beginning. Indeed, very few significant successes have been achieved without them.
When Western mountaineers first set their sights on the world’s highest peak, they found in the Sherpas a people ideally suited to the hardship of high-altitude climbing, unfailingly positive, stout at altitude, and seemingly resistant to cold.
Sherpas did not venture into the high peaks until European mountaineers began arriving to climb in the world’s greatest mountain range. Mount Everest, known as Chomolungma or “Goddess Mother of the Land” to the Sherpas, was long considered as a living place of the gods where humans were not allowed to go.
Although Everest now sees many a human footprint, the Sherpas still regard the mountain as a holy place. All modern expeditions begin with a Puja ceremony in which Sherpas and other team members leave offerings and pay respect to the gods of the mountain, hoping to remain in their good graces throughout the climb.
Sherpas were first employed as porters, tasked with carrying large amounts of equipment to supply the military-style expeditions of the day. The early climbers were amazed at the strength of these people, from the fittest of mature men to the young and elderly. In addition to their heavy loads, some of the women even carried along their babies. The whole troop of Sherpas slept outside, using only rocks for shelter, as temperatures dropped well below freezing.
Stronger Sherpas soon graduated from porter status and began to undertake challenging climbing. Those who distinguished themselves were awarded the Tiger Medal, and many desired this honor and the higher pay rate it afforded. Despite the potential dangers, the Sherpa people remained enthusiastic about taking part in Everest expeditions, which even then were becoming an important source of income for a poor mountain folk.
【小题1】Sherpas didn’t go into the high peaks before Europeans’ arrival mainly because ________.A.they enjoyed staying at low altitudes | B.they were short of proper equipment |
C.they were unaware of their potentials | D.they considered the mountain as holy |
A.the intelligence of the Sherpas | B.the challenges for the climbers |
C.the physical ability of the Sherpas | D.the wild landscape of Mount Everest |
A.Talented for high-altitude climbing. | B.Adventurous and crazy about wealth. |
C.Generous and willing to help climbers. | D.Professional in treating altitude sickness. |
New Zealand is an island country in the southwest of Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main lands—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Maui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu, and numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometers east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometers south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. The country’s varied topography(地形) and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to volcanic eruptions. New Zealand’s capital city is Wellington, while the city that has the largest population is Auckland.
Polynesians settled in the islands that were to become New Zealand somewhere between 1250 and 1300 AD, and developed a unique Maori culture. In 1642, Abel Tasman, a Dutch explorer became the first European to sight New Zealand in 1840. Representatives of the British Crown(王室) and Maori Chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, making New Zealand a British colony. Today, the majority of New Zealand’s population of 4.5 million is of European descent(血统), and the indigenous(土著的) Maori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealand’s culture is mainly originated from Maori and early British settlers, with recent broadening arising from increased immigration. The official languages are English, Maori and New Zealand Sign Language, with English predominant(主要的).
New Zealand is a developed country with a market economy that mainly consists of the exports of dairy products, meat and wine, along with tourism. New Zealand is a high-income economy and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life.
【小题1】What does the underlined word “comprises” in Paragraph 1 mean?A.includes. | B.conquers. | C.explores. | D.loses. |
A.New Zealand was the last land to be settled by humans. |
B.The indigenous Maori takes up the largest population in New Zealand. |
C.New Zealand’s culture is mainly originated from Maori and early Dutch settlers. |
D.The formation of the Southern Alps has something to do with volcanic eruptions. |
A.Tonga. | B.Dutch. | C.British Crown. | D.Polynesians. |
A.The geography of New Zealand. |
B.The economic situation of New Zealand. |
C.The basic information of New Zealand. |
D.The people of New Zealand. |
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