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The question of what children learn, and how they should learn it, is continually being debated and redebated. Nobody dares any longer to defend the old system, the parrot-fashion (way of learning by repeating what others say) of learning lessons, the grammar-with-a-whip(鞭子) system, which was good enough for our grandparents. The theories of modern psychology have stepped in to argue that we must understand the needs of our children. Children are not just small adults; they are children who must be respected as such.

Well, you may say, this is as it should be, and a good idea. But think further. What happens? “Education” becomes the responsibility not of teachers, but of psychologists. What happens then? Teachers worry too much about the psychological implications (暗示) of their lessons, and forget about the subjects themselves. If a child dislikes a lesson, the teacher feels that it is his fault, not the child’s. So teachers worry whether history is “relevant” to modern young children. And do they dare to recount stories about violent battles? Or will this make the children themselves violent? Can they tell their classes about children of different races, or will this encourage racial hatred? Why teach children to write grammatical sentences? Oral expression is better. Sums? Arithmetic? No; real-life mathematical situations are more understandable.

You see, you can go too far. Influenced by educational theorists, who have nothing better to do than write books about their ideas, teachers leave their teaching-training colleges filled with grand, psychological ideas about children and their needs. They make complicated preparations and try out their “modern methods” on the long-suffering children. Since one “modern method” rapidly replaces another, the poor kids will have well been fed up by the time they leave school. Frequently the modern methods are so complicated that they fail to be understood by the teachers, let alone the children; even more often, the relaxed discipline so necessary for the “informal” feeling the class must have, prevents all but a handful of children from learning anything.

【小题1】Under the old system, children were           .
A.made to learn passively
B.spoiled by their parents
C.treated as adults
D.were forced to become parrots
【小题2】Modern psychologists hold the view that           .
A.children must be understood and respected
B.children are small adults and they know what they need
C.children are better off without learning lessons
D.education of children is the responsibility of psychologists
【小题3】What happens when teachers pay too much attention to the psychological implications during a lesson?
A.They find that children dislike the lessons.
B.They tend to blame students for their failure in teaching.
C.They don’t pay enough attention to students’ actual lessons.
D.They no longer want to teach children history.
【小题4】How do you understand the underlined sentence at the end of the passage?
A.Children will learn well in a relaxed classroom atmosphere.
B.Only a few children will actually learn when there is no discipline.
C.Relaxed discipline is necessary for children to develop.
D.No children will learn anything without strict discipline.
【小题5】What is the author’s attitude toward the theories of modern psychology?
A.Uninterested.B.Tolerant.
C.Satisfied.D.Critical.
16-17高三下·江苏南京·单元测试
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The death of the plastic credit card could be a step closer as high street names including McDonald's and the Co-op prepare to test a breakthrough finger-scanning payment technology.

FingoPay, developed by British start-up Sthaler, uses a biometric reader to scan the veins of a shopper’s finger, building up a “map” that is unique to each individual.

By connecting this pattern with a credit card or bank account, the company plans to let shoppers pay simply by placing their finger in a pocket-sized scanner, doing away with cash and credit cards.

Sthaler, founded by former music industry executive Nick Dryden, will begin testing the technology next month in Proud, a London nightclub. Mr. Dryden said McDonald's is experimenting with a pilot of the technology, and that Sthaler is also planning a project with Co-op’s food stores.

It comes amid growing interest in using biometric identification in payments, which backers believe are more secure and efficient than passwords and PINs. Apple Pay, which uses the iPhone’s fingerprint technology, launched in the UK in 2015 and was followed by the Android equivalent in May 2016.

Hendrik Kleinsmiede, the director of Visa Europe’s innovation arm Collab, which is backing Sthaler, said the Fingopay technology was less immune to problems such as wet and dusty fingers or fraud. “People are ready to accept biometrics as a secure authentication mechanism,” he said.

Sthaler says the chance that two people have the same vein structure is 3.4bn-to-one, making it virtually impossible to crack. The vein scanner, developed by Hitachi, is already being used by Barclays to identify business customers as well as in cash machines in Japan, but Sthaler has the unique rights to license it to retailers.

In the trial at Proud set to begin in September, the technology will be used to speed up waiting times at the bar both by cutting down on cards and by being able to suggest drinks based on what a patron has previously ordered.

【小题1】Which of the following is TRUE about Fingopay?
A.It works by identifying shoppers’ fingerprints.
B.It scans the finger veins to identify shoppers.
C.It was first tested on Barclays’ cash machines in Japan.
D.It is currently being tested in the Co-op Group’s food stores.
【小题2】According to Hendrik Kleinsmiede, ________.
A.it is impossible to find two people who share the same vein structure
B.people have to clean their hands before they use Fingopay
C.it won’t be long before biometrics are more widely used
D.Fingopay technology is much more effective than passwords and PINs
【小题3】What can we conclude from the last paragraph?
A.The use of Fingopay technology has bought in more customers.
B.Fingopay technology helps businesses to meet customers’ needs.
C.Fingopay technology could increase the sales of certain drinks.
D.The use of Fingopay technology wasn’t allowed in the trial at Proud.
【小题4】What might be the best title of the passage?
A.Pay with your vein: Fingopay
B.Cedit cards vs. Fingopay
C.Different ways of payment
D.A new technology: fingerprints

Are you sick of going to bed late and waking up tired? Then grab your hiking boots and a tent. A new study suggests that camping in the great outdoors for a couple of days can reset your body clock and help you get more sleep.

The body clock is an internal system that tells our bodies when it’s time to go to sleep and when it's time to wake up. Scientists track this clock by measuring the amount of melatonin (褪黑激素) circulating in a person’s blood at any given time.

In a healthy sleeper, melatonin levels rise a few hours before bedtime, stay high through the night, and then settle back down when it’s time to wake up.

In our modern society, however, most of us stay up many hours past sunset and would probably sleep in many hours after sunrise if we could. And the trouble is, your melatonin levels may still be high when your alarm clock goes off in the morning, which leads to fatigue. It may also have other health consequences as well, such as diabetes (糖尿病), overweight and heart disease.

Professor Kenneth Wright of the University of Colorado in the US wanted to see if our body clocks can be reset by a short stay in nature. His team recruited (招募) fourteen physically active volunteers in their 20s and 30s. Nine went on a weekend camping trip, while the other five stayed home. At the end of the weekend, the researchers reported that in just two days, the campers’ body clocks had shifted so that their melatonin levels began to rise more than an hour earlier than they did before they left on the trip. By contrast, the body clocks of the group that stayed home shifted even later over the course of the weekend.

“This tells us we can reset our clocks fast,” Wright said.

Therefore, if you want to change your sleep patterns you could try to increase your exposure to natural light during the day and decrease the amount of artificial light you see at night. And if that doesn’t work,there’s always camping.

【小题1】The underlined word “fatigue” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________.
A.excitement
B.tiredness
C.relief
D.disappointment
【小题2】What did Wright's team discover from their experiment?
A.Those staying outdoors reset the clock inside their bodies over a short period.
B.The body clocks of the two groups didn’t show much difference.
C.The body clocks of those who stayed at home remained the same.
D.Changes to the body clock don't necessarily affect melatonin levels in our bodies.
【小题3】According to the passage, to change our sleeping habit, we’d better ________.
A.stay home to reset our body clock and get more sleep
B.stay up late long past sunset and sleep long after sunrise
C.get exposed to more natural light but less artificial light
D.try to reduce melatonin levels as much as possible at night
【小题4】What is the author’s main purpose of writing the passage?
A.To inform us of a possible way to adjust the body clock.
B.To explain how a lack of sleep is bad for our health.
C.To analyze how the body clock influences our sleeping habits.
D.To explore how the body clock is connected with melatonin levels.

Nowhere is the place you never want to go. It’s not on any departure board, and though some people like to travel so far off the motherland that it looks like Nowhere, most wanderers ultimately long to get somewhere. Yet every now and then—if there’s nowhere else you can be and all other options have gone—going nowhere can prove the best adventure around.

Nowhere is entirely uncharted; you’ve never read a guidebook entry on it or followed others’ suggestions on a train ride through its suburbs. Few YouTube videos exist of it. Moreover, it’s free from the most dangerous kind of luggage, expectation. Knowing nothing of a place in advance opens us up to a high energy we seldom encounter while walking around Paris or Kyoto with a list of the 10 things we want—or, in embarrassing truth, feel we need—to see.

I’ll never forget a bright January morning when I landed in San Francisco from Santa Barbara, just in time to see my connecting flight to Osaka take off. I hurried to the nearest airline counter to ask for help, and was told that I would have to wait 24 hours, at my own expense, for the next day’s flight. An unanticipated delay is exactly what nobody wants on his schedule. The airline didn’t answer for fog-related delays, a gate agent declared, and no alternative flights were available.

Millbrae, California, the drive-through town that encircles San Francisco’s airport, was a mystery to me. With one of the world’s most beautiful cities only 40 minutes to the north, and the unofficial center of the world, Silicon Valley, 27 miles to the south, Millbrae is known mostly as a place to fly away from, at high speed.

It was a cloudless, warm afternoon as a shuttle bus deposited me in Millbrae. Locals were taking their dogs for walks along the bay while couples wandered hand in hand beside an expanse of blue that, in San Francisco, would have been crowded with people and official “attractions.” I checked in to my hotel and registered.

Suddenly I was enjoying a luxury I never allow myself, even on vacation: a whole day free. And as I made my way back to my hotel, lights began to come on in the hills of Millbrae, and I realized I had never seen a sight half so lovely in glamorous, industrial Osaka. Its neighbor Kyoto is attractive, but it attracts 50 million visitors a year.

Who knows if I’ll ever visit Millbrae again? But I’m confident that Nowhere will slip into my schedule many times more. No place, after all, is uninteresting to the interested eye. Nowhere is so far off the map that its smallest beauties are a discovery.

The Unexpected Joys of a Trip to Nowhere

Passage outline

Supporting details

Introduction to Nowhere●Although many choose to travel beyond the 【小题1】, they actually hope to get somewhere.
●Getting nowhere can be the best adventure when we are【小题2】 out of options.
【小题3】 of Nowhere●You don’t have to be 【小题4】 on a guidebook entry or others’ advice.
●With limited information of a place and little expectation, we will encounter a 【小题5】 high energy that doesn’t exist when visiting Paris or Kyoto.
The author’s experience of getting nowhere●The airline wasn’t 【小题6】 for unexpected delays and there were no alternative flights available.
●He decided to visit the mysterious Millbrae, 【小题7】 between San Francisco and Silicon Valley.
●He 【小题8】 to enjoy such a luxurious and free time in big cities before.
Conclusion●Though 【小题9】 about whether to visit Millbrae again, Nowhere will be included in his schedule.
●Nowhere is entirely uncharted with its beauties to be 【小题10】.

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