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English is fast becoming the language of science around the world, but what is its future among everyday speakers? One expert points out that the percentage(比率) of native English speakers is declining (降低) while the languages of other rapidly growing regions are being spoken by increasing numbers of people. But English will continue to remain widespread and important.

However, British language scholar David Graddol says English will probably drop in dominance(主导) by the middle of this century to rank after Chinese, about equally with Arabic, Hindi, and Urdu. “The number of people speaking English as a first language continues to rise, but it isn’t rising nearly as fast as the numbers of many other languages around the world, simply because the main population group has been largely in the less developed countries where languages other than English have been spoken,” he says.

In a recent article in the journal Science, Mr. Graddol noted that three languages that are not near the top of the list of the most widely spoken now might be there soon. These are Bengali, Tamil, and Malay, spoken in south and southeast Asia.

David Crystal, the author of the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, says about 1.5 billion of the world’s six billion people speak it as a second language compared to the 400 million native speakers. But another expert on the English language says Mr. Graddol underestimates (低估) the future of its dominance. “Nobody quite knows what’s going to happen because no language has been in this position before. But all the evidence (证据) suggests that the English language snowball is rolling down a hill and is getting faster” he said.

【小题1】In David Graddol’ s opinion, English will _______.
A.remain widespread and important
B.be more important than any other language
C.lose its dominant position
D.die away in the near future
【小题2】The underlined sentence in the last paragraph implies that ______.
A.more and more language users will choose English
B.the English language snowball is rolling down faster than any time in the past
C.English language will soon drop in dominance
D.snowballs will roll down faster than language balls
【小题3】How many experts does the passage mention who express their ideas about the future of   English?
A.2.B.3.C.4.D.5.
【小题4】What should be the best title for the passage?
A.English Remaining in the Dominant Position
B.The Future of English? Who Knows?
C.Opinions from Different Experts
D.The English Language Snowball Rolling Down
15-16高一下·山西大同·期中
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Millions of people all over the world use the word okay.In fact,some people say the word is used more often than any other word in the world.

It may be common,but no one can seem to agree on how the“OK”came to be.

Okay means“all right”or“acceptable”.It expresses agreement or approval.You might ask your brother,“Is it okay if I borrow your car?”Or if someone asks you to do something,you might say,“Okay,I will.”Still,language experts do not agree about where the word came from.

Some people say it came from the Native American Indian tribe known as the Choctaw.The Choctaw word“okeh”means the same as the American word okay.Experts say early explorers in the American West spoke the Choctaw language in the nineteenth century.The language spread across the country.

But many people dispute(不同意)this.

Language expert Allen Walker Read wrote about the word okay in reports published in the 1960s.He said the word began being used in the 1830s.It was a short way of writing a different spelling of the words“all correct.”Some foreign-born people wrote“all correct”as“o-l-l k-o-r-r-e-c-t.”and used the letters O.K.

Other people say a railroad worker named Obadiah Kelly invented the word long ago.They said he put the first letters of his names—O and K—on each object people gave him to send on the train.

Still others say a political organization invented the word.The organization supported Martin Van Buren for president in 1840.They called their group,the O.K.Club.The letters were taken from the name of the town where Martin Van Buren was born—Old Kinderhook,New York.

Not everyone agrees with this explanation,either.But experts do agree that the word is purely American.And it has spread to almost every country on Earth.

【小题1】What is the text mainly about?
A.How the word Okay came into being.
B.The different meanings of the word Okay.
C.The dispute of the origin of the word Okay.
D.How widely the word Okay is used.
【小题2】What does the underlined word Okay express in the 2nd example in Paragraph 3?
A.Promise.B.Admission.C.Permission.D.Correctness.
【小题3】How many explanations are given about the origin of the word Okay?
A.3.B.4.C.5.D.6.
【小题4】What do language experts agree on?
A.Okay is the most widely-used word.
B.It came from some Indian dialect.
C.It was invented by a politician.
D.It is first used by Americans.

“Shuan Q” is a meme(网络流行语)which can be used as a popular way to say “I’m speechless” with a matching emoji(表情包)at ached behind. No-one can deny the power of the Internet. Some believe it makes language weaker but some see a brighter side, believing it makes online communication easier between strangers.

An elementary school teacher in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, says that the evolution of Internet slang is not all fun and carefree. From his daily observations, he believes the “geographic boundary” between Internet slang and formal language is disappearing. On many occasions, the composition she has received from pupil have been flooded with abbreviated slangs(网络梗).

During last year’s Two Sessions, several representatives put forward proposals such as “regulating online language” and “banning vulgar(粗俗)words”, specifically to address this issue, expressing the need to reduce online language misuse and strengthen the protection of Chinese.

However, many experts and scholars of linguistics and communication including Feng Zhiwei disagree. Feng, believes that Internet language is a natural product of the dynamic development of language, and it is not necessary to ban it.

【小题1】What made the meme “Shuan Q” become popular?
A.The power of internetB.The protection of Chinese
C.Geographic boundaryD.Strangers’s communication
【小题2】What can we learn about internet slangs from paragraph 2 and 3?
A.They are formal.B.They are funny and carefree.
C.They are flooded among pupils.D.They were supported by all people.
【小题3】What is Feng Zhiwei’s opinion about internet slangs?
A.They are natural.B.They are misused.
C.They should be banned.D.They are disappearing.
【小题4】Which word best describe the authors attitude to internet slangs?
A.DoubtfulB.ObjectiveC.IndifferentD.Favorable

Years of research show that when a native English speaker enters a conversation among nonnative speakers, understanding goes down.Communication specialist Heather Hansen tells us that's because the native speaker doesn't know how to do what nonnative speakers do naturally: speak in ways that are understandable to everyone, using simple words and expressions.They unconsciously use unnecessarily confusing vocabulary, which makes language less understandable.

Ting Gong grew up in Shanghai and moved to the U.S.in her 20s. She ran up against this problem of confusing vocabulary at the doctor's one day. "The receptionist(接待员)gave me a form and asked me to write down my complaints,”she said.“I told her that I did not have any complaint,and she looked impatient and then she asked me to write down anything that I could think of.”

“I only realized that‘complaints' here refers to symptoms I have after I spoke to my husband when I got home. At the doctor's I actually wrote down 'the receptionist was not friendly' as one of my complaints."

So what can we do to improve communication between native and nonnative English speakers?

Hansen says the responsibility shouldn't be on nonnative speakers but rather on native English speakers. Take a page out of nonnative speakers' book, says Hansen, by changing your English to be more inclusive.That means no more confusing expressions. Small changes like this might allow native speakers to join in conversations with nonnative speakers.

Joseph Issam Harb, who was raised in the United States and Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates, said,"I am still learning about English from nonnative speakers.

"In emails, I've discovered an expression commonly used by some nonnative speakers 'please do the needful,' "Harb said."For years I have been interested in this expression and its use in formal work environment emails." Discovering it and wondering about the origins of the expression, which means "please do what needs to be done,"has been an enjoyable thing for Harb.

【小题1】What makes communication between native and nonnative speakers less smooth according to Hansen?
A.The speed of native speakers' talk.
B.Nonnative speakers' bad pronunciation.
C.The difference between speakers' cultures.
D.Native speakers' use of confusing expressions.
【小题2】Why did Gong reply that she did not have any complaint?
A.She had difficulty expressing herself in English.
B.She wanted to get treatment as soon as possible.
C.She failed to understand what the receptionist had meant.
D.She feared that the receptionist would become impatient.
【小题3】What does Hansen suggest native English speakers do?
A.Read books by nonnative English writers.
B.Join in more nonnative speakers' conversations.
C.Make no comment about nonnative speakers' English.
D.Use expressions understandable to nonnative speakers.
【小题4】What did Harb say about nonnative English?
A.It is very interesting.B.It should be corrected.
C.It sounds strange and funny.D.It can be used in informal situations.

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