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For centuries, medical pioneers have refined a variety of methods and medicines to treat sickness, injury, and disability, enabling people to live longer and healthier lives.
“A salamander (a small lizard-like animal) can grow back its leg. Why can't a human do the same?” asked Peruvian-born surgeon Dr. Anthony Atala in a recent interview. The question, a reference to work aiming to grow new limbs for wounded soldiers, captures the inventive spirit of regenerative medicine. This innovative field seeks to provide patients with replacement body parts. These parts are not made of steel; they are the real things—living cells, tissue, and even organs.
Regenerative medicine is still mostly experimental, with clinical applications limited to procedures such as growing sheets of skin on burns and wounds. One of its most significant advances took place in 1999,when a research group at North Carolina’s Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine conducted a successful organ replacement with a laboratory-grown bladder. Since then, the team, led by Dr. Atala, has continued to generate a variety of other tissues and organs 一 from kidneys to ears.
The field of regenerative medicine builds on work conducted in the early twentieth century with the first successful transplants of donated human soft tissue and bone. However, donor organs are not always the best option. First of all, they are in short supply, and many people die while waiting for an available organ; in the United States alone, more than 100,000 people are waiting for organ transplants. Secondly, a patient’s body may ultimately reject the transplanted donor organ. An advantage of regenerative medicine is that the tissues are grown from a patient’s own cells and will not be rejected by the body’s immune system.
Today, several labs are working to create bioartificial body parts. Scientists at Columbia and Yale Universities have grown a jawbone and a lung. At the University of Minnesota, Doris Taylor has created a beating bioartificial rat heart. Dr. Atala’s medical team has reported long-term success with bioengineered bladders implanted into young patients with spina bifida (a birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord). And at the University of Michigan, H. David Humes has created an artificial kidney.
So far, the kidney procedure has only been used successfully with sheep, but there is hope that one day similar kidney will be implantable in a human patient. The continuing research of scientists such as these may eventually make donor organs unnecessary and, as a result, significantly increase individuals’ chances of survival.
【小题1】In the latest field of regenerative medicine, what are replacement parts made of?
A.Cells, tissues and organs of one’s own.
B.Rejected cells, tissues and organs.
C.Donated cells, tissues and organs.
D.Cells, tissues and organs made of steel.
【小题2】What have scientists experimented successfully on for a bioartificial kidney?
A.Patients.B.Rats.C.Soldiers.D.Sheep.
【小题3】Why is generative medicine considered innovative?
A.It will strengthen the human body’s immune system.
B.It will provide patients with replacement soft tissues.
C.It will make patients live longer with bioartificial organs.
D.It will shorten the time patients waiting for a donated organ.
【小题4】What is the writer’s attitude towards regenerative medicine?
A.Doubtful.B.Reserved.C.Positive.D.Negative.
2015·江苏南京·二模
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The first person in the world to receive two facial transplants says he is feeling well, three months after his latest groundbreaking operation.

Jerame Hamon had his first transplanted face removed last year after signs of rejection following a treatment with an antibiotic (抗生素) during a cold.

The 43 year old remained in a hospital in Paris without a face for two months while a compatible donor was sought.

He said: “The first face I accepted immediately. This time it’s the same.”

Mr. Hamon suffers from neurofibromatosis (多发性神经纤维瘤), a genetic condition that spoiled his face severely.

His first transplant, in 2010, was a success, but he caught a common cold in 2015 and was given antibiotics. The drug was incompatible with the immunosuppressive (免疫制疫的) treatment he was having to prevent a rejection of the transplanted material.

The first signs of rejection came in 2016 and last November, the face, suffering from the death of most of cells, had to be removed.

Mr. Hamon lived without a face in a room at Georges-Pompidou hospital in Paris without being able to see, speak or hear until January, when a face donor was found and the second transplant carried out.

To avoid further rejection, Mr. Hamon—dubbed “the man with three faces” by French media ―had special treatment to clean the blood prior to the transplant.

His new face remains smooth and motionless, and his skull, skin and features are yet to be fully matched. But he is positive about his recovery.

“If I hadn’t accepted this new face it would have been terrible. It’s a question of identity… But here we are, it’s good, it’s me,” he told AFP news agency from the hospital, where he is still recovering.

The hours-long operation was led by Prof Laurent Lantieri, a specialist in hand and face transplants who carried out Mr. Hamon’s initial surgery eight years ago.

“Today, we know that a double transplant is practicable, it’s no longer in the field of research,” he told Le Parisien newspaper.

Anaesthetist Bernard Cholley said: “Anyone who loses their face and then has to wait for a possible and imagined transplant for an unknown length of time—that’s something that nobody has ever had to go through here.”

“I’m amazed by the courage of a patient who has been able to get through such a different experience.”

The first face transplant was carried out in 2005 in northern France. Since then, some 40 operations have been performed around the world.

【小题1】What is the meaning of the word “compatible” (underlined in Paragraph 3)?
A.accessibleB.adaptableC.adjustableD.acceptable
【小题2】From the passage we can learn that ________.
A.Mr. Hamon has fully recovered from his new operation
B.Prof Laurent Lantieri carried out two face surgeries on Mr. Hamon
C.Mr. Hamon is the first one in the world to receive a face transplant
D.Mr. Hamon received his second face transplant in 2016
【小题3】What is the correct order of what happened to Mr. Hamon?
a. His first transplanted face had to be removed.
b. He was given antibiotics.
c. He suffers from neurofibromatosis.
d. He received the first transplant.
e. He caught a common cold.
A.cdebaB.ebdcaC.cbdeaD.ecbda
【小题4】What is the best title of this passage?
A.A man with two facesB.Prof Laurent Lantieri success stories
C.Successful Double TransplantsD.A groundbreaking operation

For thousands of years, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been used across China and Southeast Asia. Its practices have developed over time and now, scientists are giving it a high-tech update.

Developed by Singaporean company AiTreat, “EMMA”is a robot masseuse(女按摩师) designed to give Tui Na, a type of TCM bodywork similar to a deep tissue massage (深层组织按摩),a 21st-century makeover. Using sensors and 3D vision to measure muscle stiffness (僵硬),EMMA (which stands for “Expert Manipulative Massage Automation”) identifies pressure points and gives massages to patients to help offer pain relief and relaxation. AiTreat founder and CEO Albert Zhang hopes that EMMA can create low-cost massage treatments that can be part of the growing attraction of preventative medicine.

In 2015, Zhang founded AiTreat. A trained TCM physician, Zhang has firsthand experience treating patients.

Patients lying on the table might not even notice the difference between EMMA and a real-life masseuse -but Zhang doesn't want robots to replace masseuses. Instead, he says that they can help by taking away the back-breaking work masseuses do every day, and enable them to “focus on the 10% highly skilled part,” which can increase their productivity and income while reducing the cost for patients. “One physician can only see one patient at a time,but with EMMA, the physician can control two robots and see up to four patients at the same time,” he says.

While TCM practitioners accept years of training, EMMA’s AI system has been trained with thousands of “data points”-bodies of different shapes, sizes and ethnicities-to find the acupoints (穴位) in each individual, says Zhang.

Currently, Zhang says 11 robots are working at eight different clinics (诊所)in Singapore, with plans to send them overseas. “We are seeing great responses from practitioners in the US and China,” he adds.

【小题1】What do we know about EMMA?
A.It is developed by a Chinese company.
B.It has become part of preventative medicine.
C.It can comfort patients by massaging them.
D.It needs to locate the stiffness with the help of doctors.
【小题2】What advantage does EMMA have according to paragraph 4?
A.It is more reliable than a real masseuse.
B.It can work on highly skilled parts.
C.It is softer than a real masseuse.
D.It is highly effective.
【小题3】What is Zhang’s attitude to the future of EMMA?
A.Worried.B.Confident.C.UncaringD.Thankful.
【小题4】What is the best title for the text?
A.Tui Na massage by a robot masseuse
B.TCM being accepted by more patients
C.Humans losing job opportunities due to AI robots
D.Battle between EMMA and the human masseuse

For years, there has been a bias(偏见)against science among clinical psychologists. In a two-year analysis to be published in November in Perspectives on Psychological Science, psychologists led by Timothy B. Baker of the University of Wisconsin charge that many clinical psychologists fail to “provide the treatments for which there is the strongest evidence of effectiveness” and “give more weight to their personal experiences than to science.” As a result, patients have no guarantee that their “treatment will be informed by science.” Walter Mischel of Columbia University is even crueler in his judgment. “The disconnect between what clinical psychologists do and what science has discovered is an extreme embarrassment,” he told me, and “there is a widening gap between clinical practice and science.”

The “widening” reflects the great progress that psychological research has made in identifying the most effective treatments. Thanks to strict clinical trials, we now know that teaching patients to think about their thoughts in new, healthier ways and to act on those new ways of thinking are effective against depression, panic disorder and other problems, with multiple trials showing that these treatments—the tools of psychology—bring more lasting benefits than drugs.

You wouldn’t know this if you sought help from a typical clinical psychologist. Although many treatments are effective, relatively few psychologists learn or practice them.

Why in the world not? For one thing, says Baker, clinical psychologists are “very doubtful about the role of science” and “lack solid science training”. Also, one third of patients get better no matter what treatment (if any) they have, “and psychologists remember these successes, believing, wrongly, that they are the result of the treatment.”

When faced with evidence that treatments they offer are not supported by science, clinical psychologists argue that they know better than some study that works. A 2008 study of 591 psychologists in private practice found that they rely more on their own and colleagues’ experience than on science when deciding how to treat a patient. If they keep on this path as insurance companies demand evidence-based medicine, warns Mischel, psychology will “discredit itself.”

【小题1】Many clinical psychologists fail to provide the most effective treatments because _____.
A.they are unfamiliar with their patientsB.they believe in science and evidence
C.they rely on their personal experiencesD.they depend on their colleagues’ help
【小题2】The widening gap between clinical practice and science is due to _____.
A.the cruel judgment by Walter Mischel
B.the great progress that has been made in psychological research
C.the fact that most patients get better after being treated
D.the fact that patients prefer to take drugs rather than have other treatments
【小题3】How do clinical psychologists respond when charged that their treatments are not supported by science?
A.They feel embarrassed.B.They try to defend themselves.
C.They are disappointed.D.They doubt their treatments.
【小题4】In Mischel’s opinion, psychology will ______.
A.develop faster with the support of insurance companies
B.destroy its own reputation if no improvement is made
C.work together with insurance companies to provide better treatment
D.become more reliable if insurance companies won’t demand evidence-based medicine

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