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When we say older people shrink, we don’t mean they become tiny enough to fit in your pocket! We just mean that it’s common for older people to become a little shorter over time. This kind of shrinking can’t be reversed, although people can slow or stop this process. But why does shrinking happen at all?
Because of gravity (that force that keeps your feet on the ground) , cushions between the bones in the spine (脊骨), get compressed (压缩), which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter.
Another reason why some older people shrink is because of osteoporosis (骨质疏松). Osteoporosis occurs when bone is broken down and not enough new bone material is made. Over time, bone is said to be lost because it’s not being replaced. Bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with osteoporosis is injured.
Older people — especially women, who generally have smaller and lighter bones to begin with — are more likely to develop osteoporosis. As years go by, a person with osteoporosis can get small breaks in bones that are called compression fractures. These breaks cause collapse of the spine and over time the person with osteoporosis can become hunched over (驼背).
Did you know that every day you shrink a little, too? You aren’t as tall at the end of the day as you are at the beginning. That’s because as the day goes on, water in the disks of the spine gets compressed due to gravity, making you just a tiny bit shorter. Don’t worry, though. Once you get a good night’s rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, you’re standing tall again!
Smoking and drinking alcohol can make this problem worse. Want to do something right now to build strong bones? I believe what I say will help you.
【小题1】Which of the following statements is true?
A.For shrinking, people can do nothing about it.
B.If someone is injured, he will become shorter.
C.Women have smaller and lighter bones than men.
D.We aren’t as tall at the end of the day as we are at the beginning.
【小题2】What should we do if we don’t want to shrink faster?
A.We should try to reduce gravity.
B.We should be careful not to be hurt by others.
C.We should sleep as long as possible.
D.We should keep away from smoking and drinking alcohol.
【小题3】What is the topic of the passage?
A.How can we stop shrinking?
B.Why do we shrink?
C.Some tips on how to keep tall.
D.How to live a healthy life.
【小题4】About osteoporosis we know that _______.
A.gravity is one of the causes of osteoporosis
B.once our bone is broken down, osteoporosis will occur
C.women are more likely to develop osteoporosis
D.if we develop osteoporosis, we are more likely to be shorter
【小题5】What will the author talk about in the paragraph to be followed?
A.Tell us how to grow taller.
B.Tell us how to become healthier.
C.Tell us how to avoid being shrinking.
D.Tell us what to do to have strong bones.
12-13高二上·山东临沂·阶段练习
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In my everyday life, I am on an ongoing journey to figure out different ways to reduce my carbon footprint on the planet. A carbon footprint is the measure of influence our activities have on the environment, in particular climate change. It is calculated by the amount of greenhouse gas we produce in our daily lives. Fortunately, nowadays it is much easier to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices than, let’s say, 20 years ago. But one question has been on my mind a lot lately: is it better to buy new eco-friendly products or used traditionally produced goods?

After doing some research, I have decided that some things are better new and others are better used. Let me try to explain.

A carbon footprint is made up of two parts, the primary footprint and the secondary footprint. The primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions (排放) of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the burning of fuels, including household energy consumption and transportation. The secondary footprint is a measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole life cycle of products we use—those related to their production and breakdown.

Based on this understanding, we have a good deal of control and responsibility over our carbon footprint. Things like dishes, clothes and furniture fall into the “secondary footprint” group, so less is more and we can focus on finding used goods to avoid the added production. However, for the car and the other appliances (设备) that we need we can go with new, energy-saving models. I heard somewhere that electronics and appliances give off 90% of their carbon footprint after they leave the factory. So it seems most reasonable to go for the energy-saving models. The main concern here is the amount of energy that goes into the making of new products and whether or not that extra carbon is worth the footprint the product will make once it gets to you.

【小题1】What do we know about the secondary carbon footprint?
A.It is related to our consumption of fuels.
B.It is made when we are buying the products.
C.It is less harmful than the primary carbon footprint.
D.It is counted as ours though not directly made by us.
【小题2】Which of the following helps reduce our carbon footprint according to the author?
A.Using second-hand textbooks.B.Using old and expensive cars.
C.Buying new but cheap clothes.D.Buying new wooden furniture.
【小题3】“The footprint” underlined in the last sentence refers to the CO2 produced in ________.
A.making the product.B.recycling the product.
C.using the product.D.transporting the product.
【小题4】What is the text mainly about?
A.What appliances to buy to save energy.
B.What a carbon footprint means in our life.
C.How to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices.
D.How to identify different carbon footprints.

What a lesson for me! It was August and it was hot. I had to wear a tie to do a survey door by door in this neighbourhood, but I was always refused. I finally caught on and began with “Before you close the door, I am not selling anything and I just need to ask a few questions about yourself and the community”.

The young woman inside the doorway stopped for a moment, confused by my rude introduction and finally said, “Sure. Come on in. Don’t mind the mess. It’s hard to keep up with my kids.”

“I just need to ask a few questions about yourself and your family. Although this may sound personal, I won’t need to use your names. This information will be used.” She interrupted me. “Would you like a glass of cold water? You look like you’ve had a rough day.” “Why yes!” I said gratefully. Just as she returned with the water, a man came walking in the front door. It was her husband. “Joe, this man is here to do a survey.” I stood and politely introduced myself.

“Joe works for the town,” she said. “What do you do?” I asked. She jumped right in not letting him answer. “Joe collects garbage. You know I’m so proud of him.”

There was a silence. I didn’t know what to say. I shook my head searching for the right words. “That’s unbelievable! Most people would not be satisfied with a job like that. It certainly is a difficult one. But your attitude about it is amazing.” I said.

She walked over to the shelf. As she returned she held a small framed(装裱)paper, walking toward Joe. “I have always been proud of him and always will be. You see I don’t think the job makes the man, but the man makes the job!” she said as she handed me the paper.

It said: If a man is called to be a cleaner, he should clean streets so well that all the hosts of heaven and earth will pause to say, “Here lived a great cleaner who did his job well.”

【小题1】Why did the author change his introduction?
A.To relieve his stress.
B.To look for some water.
C.To do his survey smoothly.
D.To know about the bad situation.
【小题2】What can we learn about the young woman?
A.She finds a good job in the city.
B.She has a great talent for argument.
C.She doesn’t live a life as she dreams.
D.She has a positive attitude towards Joe’s job.
【小题3】What can we infer from Paragraph 6?
A.The Young woman will be with Joe forever.
B.The Young woman is proud of her job.
C.Any job can be done better by heart.
D.Any job can change a person.
【小题4】What is the best title for the text?
A.A Beneficial Experience of Survey
B.The Pleasure from Jobs
C.AA Great Street Cleaner
D.The Power of Labor

Dealing with behavioral problems at school is not easy, but Dr. Terrance Newton is doing that with a surprisingly effective solution.

In his first year as headmaster of Warner Elementary School in Wilmington, Delaware Newton has already seen a tremendous change in his at-risk students. All it took was just a few quality conversations and a pair of scissors.

Newton saw the problem as soon as he started at the school. Bullying (欺凌行为) was out of hand, and students were constantly required to stop attending school for their behaviors. He believed the best way to solve this was to build positive relationships with students. So he decided to set up a barbershop at school.

Having cut hair before, Newton thought the barbershop could be a safe space for students to open up. And he was right — not only has he developed a good relationship with former troublemakers, but suspensions (停学) have dropped from 103 to 4 in the last year! Even better, bullying has nearly stopped. “I take care of my babies,” Newton said. “It’s about building the relationship, and I use that barbershop to build connections.”

Kamisha Collins has seen the difference in her 11-year-old son, Brandon Ponzo. “In the beginning of the school year, my son started off really rough and was not getting along with Dr. Newton, but now they have built this bond — he loves him very much.” Collins said. “Dr. Newton says positive things to them while he is cutting their hair. And my son’s grades have gotten so much better.”

What a brilliant idea — not to mention a fantastic leader! Thanks to Newton, a little love and care have made a big influence on difficult kids.

【小题1】What does the underlined word “tremendous” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A.Huge.B.Simple.C.Physical.D.Confusing.
【小题2】Why did Newton run a barbershop at school?
A.To take better care of his family.
B.To deal with students’ bad behavior.
C.To help poor students get their hair cut.
D.To strengthen connection between teaching staff.
【小题3】What do Collins’ words in paragraph 5 show?
A.Newton’s actions worked well on Ponzo.
B.Teenagers should be paid great attention to.
C.Conversations made no difference to Ponzo.
D.Schools should focus on students behaviors.
【小题4】What words can best describe Newton?
A.Optimistic and strict.B.Knowledgeable and modest.
C.Honest and brave.D.Thoughtful and responsible.

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