Different countries have different tipping customs. When you travel, you need to know how to tip in the country that you’re in; otherwise you’ll leave servers angry everywhere you go. Here are just a few guidelines to tipping around the world.

There will always be a standard 10% service charge added to your bill, and you won’t　necessarily have to tip. If you do feel like being generous, an extra 5-10% will really make your　server very happy. Just remember to do this as skillfully as possible — Brazilians don’t make a big show of this.

In Dubai, it’s a rule for restaurants to charge 10% tip on all restaurant and bar bills. You can add a couple of dirhams (迪拉姆,货币单位) to this if you feel like it. Waiters are not paid very much in Dubai, so it is always very appreciated.

German bars and restaurants will include the tip as part of what you owe, but that’s not all you have to pay. It is a custom to round the bill up after that, usually to the euro. This can be anywhere from 5-10%. When it’s time to settle up, you won’t get a bill: your waiter tells you the total and then you tell them how much you want to pay, including your “tip”, and hand over the money.

While locals in the Czech Republic don’t leave tips, that doesn’t mean you’re off the hook. Foreign tourists are definitely expected to leave some kind of tip for service — as long as you’re in a high tourist traffic area, like Prague for instance. The standard tip is 10%.

If you like the service, go ahead and tip your server 5-10%. You have to adjust that amount　though, based on how big the meal you’re eating is. If the bill is for a small meal, and totals less than 300 rupees, tip the full 10%. If the bill is higher, a tip as low as 5% is also acceptable. You can give it according to your financial condition.

Since the time of Socrates, it has been widely said that art imitates life. In the case of literature, however, it would be more accurate to say that art reflects life. The writings of the Romantics were a natural result of life in 19th century America and American Romanticism was the first truly American literary movement, including a group of authors who wrote and published between 1820 and 1860.

The unique American history and landscape had a profound influence on the romanticists. Many were writing not long after the War of 1812. This was a time of growth and expansion and their idealism fueled high hopes for the infant nation. The country was moving westward into vast newly acquired territory. The frontier, both as a place and a concept, became an important representation of the American spirit.

While American Romanticism was a new attitude toward nature, it was also a new attitude toward people, promoting the solitary individual standing against society. Individualism is a typical American value and was central to their writings, which urged people to follow their inner knowing regardless of the pressure to conform.

Romantic writers rebelled against the idea that reason was the best tool for discovering truth. Instead, they deliberately explored feeling, imagination, fantasy, and belief. Their style took advantage of personal freedom in order to break through the wall separating the author and the reader, and gave the author the freedom to comment on the events in the story in novel ways.

Stylistically, the American romantics liked to experiment with form and the novel became an important vehicle for expression, unlike the European romantics who focused mainly on poetry. They also made clever use of symbols to refer to truths or knowledge that exist beyond rationality (合理性).