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Whether you’re eating at a fancy restaurant or dining in someone’s home, proper table manners are likely to help you make a good impression. According to a US expert, Emily Post, “All rules of table manners are made to avoid ugliness.”

While Henry Hitchings of the Los Angeles Times admits that good manners can reduce social conflict, he points out that mostly their purpose is protective — they turn our natural warrior_ like selves into more elegant ones.

So where did table manners come from?

In medieval England, a writer named Petrus Alfonsi took the lead to urge people not to speak with their mouths full. And King David I of Scotland also proposed that any of his people who learned to eat more neatly be given a tax deduction (减除).

Disappointingly, that idea never caught on. It was during the Renaissance, when there were real technical developments, opinions of correct behavior changed for good. “None of these was more significant than the introduction of the table fork,” wrote Hitchings. “Gradually, as forks became popular, they brought the new way of eating, making it possible, for instance, to consume berries without making one’s fingers dirty.”

Forks were introduced to Britain in 1608 and 25 years later, the first table fork reached America. Yet while most of the essentials (基本要素) are the same on both sides of the Atlantic, there are a few clear differences between what’s normal in the US and what holds true in the UK. For example, in the US, when food needs cutting with a knife, people generally cut a bite, then lay aside the knife and switch the fork to their right hand. Then they pick up one bite at a time. By contrast, Britons keep the fork in the left hand and don’t lay the knife down.

Though globalization has developed a new, simpler international standard of table manners, some people still stick with the American cut-and-switch method. The Los Angeles Times noted, “They are hanging on to a form of behavior that favors manners above efficiency.”

【小题1】What does the story mainly talk about?
A.The importance of proper table manners.
B.The development of table manners in Western countries.
C.Some unwritten rules of table manners in the US and UK.
D.Differences between American and British table manners.
【小题2】The underlined phrase “caught on” in the passage probably means ________.
A.worked in practice
B.became popular
C.drew attention
D.had a positive effect
【小题3】Which of the following events influenced people’s table manners most according to the article?
A.The introduction of forks.
B.The tax deduction policy.
C.The rise of the Renaissance.
D.Petrus Alfonsi’s efforts in promoting table manners.
【小题4】What can we conclude from the article?
A.British and American table manners are completely different from each other.
B.American people pay more attention to their table manners than British people do.
C.With globalization, the American cut-and-switch method has been abandoned in the US.
D.British people’s way of using a knife and fork may be more efficient than American people’s.
2014·陕西西安·一模
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Every Friday, Ross Harrington, a manager in Melbourne, heads to a local lunch shop to pick up a couple of deep-fried dim sims, kicking off his weekend dim sim routine.

Harrington is the founder of Dim Sims 4 Lyfe, a social media community made up of about 5, 000 dim sim enthusiasts who share their experience and innovative recipes—dim sims on pizza, for example. Dim sims are a variant of traditional Chinese dumplings.

Australia’s dim sim story began in 1942, when Chinese Australian businessman Chen Wing Young realized that a number of elderly Chinese men who had come to Australia to work during the gold rush of the1800s were left jobless. They were like the leftovers from the gold fields days.

At the same time, Chen noticed how popular Cantonese dim sim had become in Australia. Among the many dim sim dishes, siu mai — a flowerpot-shaped pork and prawn dumpling—was especially popular. Chen came up with an idea: If he could mass produce siu mai, these men could sell them on food trucks and earn a living. But siu mai was difficult for Australians to pronounce at that time. So Chen called it “dim sim”

One day, Chen asked his son Tom to deliver a box of dim sims to an elderly Chinese gentleman. While Tom was on his way, he stopped to say hello to his good friend Joe, who owned a fish and chip shop. The two friends ended up going fishing. When they got back, Tom left Joe some dim sims. And Joe decided to deep fry those dim sims for lunch. Before the next day was over, Joe rang Tom and said every one of his mates was asking where he got these dim sims.

“The dim sim is definitely an iconic Australian dish. It’s a part of Australian history,”Harrington says. “The dim sim reminds us that Australia has always been a country that welcomes others and isn’t afraid to adopt new cultures and cuisines. It is a bridge between the two cultures and two countries.”

【小题1】What does Ross Harrington do on Fridays?
A.Donate dim sims.B.Work in a lunch shop.
C.Buy some dim sims.D.Make Chinese dumplings.
【小题2】Why did Chen want to mass produce siu mai?
A.To earn higher profits.B.To make it more popular.
C.To offer jobs to some aged Chinese.D.To satisfy the taste of local Chinese.
【小题3】Why did Joe call Tom the next day?
A.To invite him to go fishing.B.To ask for more dim sims.
C.To learn how to fry dim sims.D.To treat him to some fish and chips.
【小题4】Which of the following would Harrington agree with?
A.The dim sim reflects the popularity of Cantonese food.
B.The dim sim should be preserved as a part of Chinese history.
C.The dim sim tells a story of Chinese men in the gold rush.
D.The dim sim represents a mixture of two different cultures.

There is more of a connection between food and culture than you may think. On an individual level, we grow up eating the food of our culture. It becomes a part of who we are. Many associate food from our childhood with warm feelings and good memories and it ties us to our families, holding a special and personal value for us. Food from our family often becomes the comfort food we seek as adults in times of frustration and stress.

On a large scale, traditional food is an important part of culture. It also operates as an expression of culture identity. Immigrants(移民)bring it wherever they go, and it is a symbol of pride in their culture and means of coping with homesickness.

Many immigrants open their own restaurants and serve traditional cuisine. However, the food does not remain exactly the same. Some ingredients needed to make traditional cuisine may not be readily available, so the taste and flavor can be different from what they would prepare in their home countries. Additionally, immigrants do not only sell cuisine to people from the same countries as them, but to people from different countries. Therefore, they have to make small changes to the original cuisine to cater to a wider range of customers. Those changes can create new flavors that still keep the cultural significance of the cuisine.

We should not only embrace our heritage through our culture’s food but also become more informed about other cultures by trying their food. It is important to remember that each dish has a special place in the culture to which it belongs, and is special to those who prepare it. Food is a window into culture, and it should be treated as such.

【小题1】What’s the function of the traditional food?
A.It helps motivate homesickness.
B.It shows culture identity.
C.It reflects a country’s history.
D.It shows a community’s superiority.
【小题2】Why do some immigrants have to change the original dishes in their restaurant?
A.To attach cultural importance to their dishes.
B.To announce the beginning of their life on foreign soil.
C.To make the dishes popular among customers.
D.To present their own food culture in a new way.
【小题3】What’s the author’s attitude towards different food cultures?
A.Negative.B.Balanced.C.Unfair.D.Unchangeable.
【小题4】Which column does the passage come from?
A.SpaceB.ScienceC.FoodD.Entertainment

Will it matter if you don't take your breakfast? Recently a test was given in the United States. Those tested included people of different ages, from 12 to 83. During the experiment, these people were given all kinds of breakfasts, and sometimes they got no breakfast at all. Special tests were set up to see how well their bodies worked when they had eaten a certain kind of breakfast. The results show that if a person eats a proper breakfast, he or she will work with better effect than if he or she has no breakfast. This fact appears to be especially true if a person works with his brains. If a student eats fruit, eggs, bread and milk before going to school, he will learn more quickly and listen with more attention to class.

Opposite to what many people believe, if you don't eat breakfast, you will not lose weight. This is because people become so hungry at noon that they eat too much for lunch, and end up gaining weight instead of losing. You will probably lose more weight if you reduce your other meals.

【小题1】During the test, those who were tested were given ________.
A.different breakfast or noneB.very rich breakfast
C.little food for breakfastD.no breakfast at all
【小题2】According to the passage, if a student does not eat breakfast, ___________.
A.he will fall ill
B.his mind will work more slowly
C.he will not make progress in his study
D.he will fail to listen to his teacher
【小题3】The passage mentions that many people believe that if you don't eat breakfast, you will ______.
A.be healthierB.not lose weight
C.lose weightD.gain a lot of weight
【小题4】Which of the following is Not True according to the passage?
A.Poor breakfasts affect those who work with brains.
B.Morning diet may cause one to get fatter.
C.Eating less in lunch and supper may help to lose weight.
D.Reducing lunch and supper is of less value in weight losing.

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