People on a college campus were more likely to give money to the March of Dimes if they were asked for a donation by a disabled woman in a wheelchair than if asked by a nondisabled woman. In another _______ , subway riders in New York saw a man carrying a stick stumble and fall to the floor. Sometimes the victim had a large red birthmark on his _______ ; sometimes he did not. In this situation, the victim was more likely to _______ aid if his face was spotless than if he had an unattractive birthmark. In _______ these and other research findings, two _______ themes are found: we are more willing to help people we like for some reason and people we think _______ assistance.

In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid. _______ , in a field study researchers placed a completed application to graduate school in a telephone box at the airport. The application was ready to be _______ , but had apparently been “lost”. The photo attached to the application was sometimes that of a very _______ person and sometimes that of a less attractive person. The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope actually mailed it or not. Results showed that people were more likely to ________ the application if the person in the photo was physically attractive.

The degree of ________ between the potential helper and the person in need is also important. For example, people are more likely to help a stranger who is from the same country rather than a foreigner. In one study, shoppers on a busy street in Scotland were more likely to help a person wearing a (n) ________ T-shirt than a person wearing a T-shirt printed with offensive words.

Whether a person receives help depends in part on the “worth” of the case. For example, shoppers in a supermarket were more likely to give someone ________ to buy milk rather than to buy cookies, probably because milk is thought more essential for ________ than cookies. Passengers on a New York subway were more likely to help a man who fell to the ground if he appeared to be ________ rather than drunk.

Children with learning disabilities (LD) often have problems. For many, strong ____ of anger, shame, sadness, or disappointment can ____ psychological difficulties such as anxiety, depression or low self-esteem.

These problems can be far more than the ____ challenges themselves.

Several heading experts in the field of LD have offered suggestions on ways to help ____ children from these problems.

To be most effective in supporting ____ , it can help to understand some primary ____ for the psychological and emotional challenges they may face.

First, it is not difficult to see ____ children with LD are at greater risk for developing psychological difficulties if one considers the repeated failure they ____ . Although they make efforts to “try harder,” children with LD may receive little ____ feedback（反馈）. Their academic struggles and failures are often met with ___ by teachers, peers and parents. Such disapproval can take the form of unpleasant labeling（标签）of a child ___ “slow,” “lazy” or “dumb.” ____ developing a sense of pride in their accomplishments, children with LD may ____ in disappointment and shame. Low self-esteem and a lack of confidence only ____ prevent learning and academic success.

The second reason is the ____ difficulties they often experience. Research indicates that as many as 75% of kids with LD have such ____ as making and keeping friends. Children with LD are less ___ and often rejected by their peers. Teachers and other adults also may _____ to have negative views of them.

Such social rejection can result in _____ of self-esteem and feelings of loneliness, which, ____ , may lead to psychological difficulties such as anxiety and depression.

When I first arrived in Santiago, Chile, and took a walk around the city center, one of the first things I noticed was how many street dogs there were.

On every corner there was a sleeping _______. At every traffic light there was a dog _______ to cross. By every shop there was a dog waiting for _______. At first I was _______ as I thought they might be _______ or unfriendly. However, I have been here for more than a year now and every street dog I have seen has been quiet and _______.

The dogs are _______ and welcomed here in Chile. They are _______ given food and water by the public. Some people even _______ jackets for the dogs or put out beds for them to sleep in.

There are an estimated 2.5 million street dogs in Chile and the canine (犬的) population is ________. Some people believe that the ________ is getting out of control and that it is ________ to have so many dogs on the streets. The dogs can sometimes cause ________ such as car accidents if they run into the road. Many Chileans think that all the street dogs should be sterilized (使绝育) so that they cannot ________. Others think that the street dog population should be culled (i.e. reducing the population by killing them).

The future of street dogs is ________, but for now it looks like they are here to stay, with their population expanding year by year.