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Human history is full of horse stories like guiding cowboys home on foggy nights and taking wounded soldiers through battle zones. Such sensible and highly trained horses made Elina Jatel, a computer scientist and roboticist, think of robots. “A horse that can take a rider home on its own would be the highest level of autonomy,” Jatel says. “You trust them with your life.” She was drawn to learning how such relationships form and if it could help improve human-robot interactions.

For a year, Jatel engaged herself in the horse world. She watched classes in horse training, and she also talked with students, instructors, trainers and horse owners. Along the way, Jatel even learned to ride.

Horses learn signals from their trainers on how to comfortably interact with people. People, too, must learn their part. Riders must learn what a horse wants or feels based on its behavior, and what signals to use to direct horses to perform in desired ways. Jatel found some similarities, here, to working with robots. People must learn how to direct robots to do specific tasks. They also must learn what to do when robots don’t perform as planned. The goal is to program robots that will respond predictably to inputs from people. But like horses, autonomous robots also should be able to respond on their own as conditions change. For example, a self-driving car must stop to avoid hitting something, even if some human mistakenly tells it to keep going.

Trainers and riders work with horses to build respect. Horses show that respect by matching their pace to a human or giving someone who is leading them a safe degree of personal space. Trainers begin their work with a horse by getting them to show signs of respect in basic interactions, Jatel says. Later, trainers will develop more complex interactions. Gradually, a horse’s respect can grow into trust.

But that trust is not given. And there may be a similar limitation with robots. What would it mean for robots and people to respect and trust each other? For now, she adds, this is largely uncharted territory. But she’s looking to build a path.

【小题1】What drew Elina Jatel’s attention to horses?
A.Horses’ amazing performance.B.Long history of horse training.
C.Horse-human interdependence.D.Her horse-riding experience.
【小题2】What are the robots of the highest autonomy designed to do?
A.To act like real horses.B.To show respect to humans.
C.To follow instructions from humans.D.To make independent and sensible decisions.
【小题3】What will Jatel’s future research most probably focus on?
A.The limitations of robots.B.Trust between robots and humans.
C.Path toward higher robot efficiency.D.Similarities between horses and robots.
【小题4】What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.History of Human-Horse RelationshipB.Secrets of Human-Animal Interactions
C.The Role of Trust in Human-Robot PartnershipsD.Horses as the Inspiration for Autonomous Robots
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Today, roller skating is easy and fun. But a long time ago, it wasn't easy at all. Before 1750, the idea of skating didn't exist. That changed because of a man named Joseph Merlin. Merlin's work was making musical instruments. In his spare time he liked to play the violin. Joseph Merlin was a man of ideas and dreams. People called him a dreamer.
One day Merlin received an invitation to attend a fancy dress ball (化妆舞会). He was very pleased and a little excited. As the day of the party came near, Merlin began to think how to make a grand entrance at the party. He had an idea. He thought he would get a lot of attention if he could skate into the room.
Merlin tried different ways to make himself roll. Finally, he decided to put two wheels under each shoe. These were the first roller skates. Merlin was very proud of his invention and dreamed of arriving at the party on wheels while playing the violin.
On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates. He rolled on and on. Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall. Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlin's grand entrance for a long time!
【小题1】The text is mainly about _______.
A.a strange man
B.an unusual party
C.how roller skating began
D.how people enjoyed themselves in the 18th century
【小题2】People thought Merlin was a dreamer because he _______.
A.often gave others surprises
B.was a gifted musician
C.invited the roller skates
D.was full of imagination
【小题3】Merlin put wheels under his shoes in order to _______.
A.impress the party guests
B.arrived at the party sooner
C.test his invention
D.show his skill in walking on wheels

LEGO (乐高) recently announced that they will start producing pieces from sustainable (可持续的) sugar cane. The toys, which will be closely similar to classic ones, will also feature “botanical elements” like leaves, bushes, and trees.

The pieces will be included in LEGO’S box sets from this year onwards. The move is part of the Danish company’s campaign to use sustainable materials in its products by 2030.

However, Tim Brooks, the firm’s vice-president, said, “We want to make a positive influence on the world around us, and are working hard to make great play products for children using sustainable materials. This is a great first step in our goal to make all LEGO pieces using sustainable materials.”

The new line of production has reportedly already started with pieces being produced from polyethylene, which is a soft and durable plastic (耐用的塑料). LEGO says that we needn’t worry about the quality of the new products, as they’ve tested the plant-based plastic to ensure that it meets the high standards for quality and safety that consumers (消费者) expect from the company.

“LEGO products have always been about providing high quality play experiences and giving every child the chance to shape their own world through inventive play. Children and parents will not notice any difference in the quality or appearance of the new pieces, because plant-based polyethylene has the same qualities as traditional polyethylene,” said Tim Brooks.

“It is important that companies in each industry find ways to help ensure a future where people, nature, and the economy grow healthily,” said Alix Grabowski, an officer at WWF. “The LEGO Group’s decision to use sustainable plastics represents a great opportunity to reduce dependence on finite (有限的) resources, and their work with the Bioplastic Feedstock Alliance will allow them to connect with other companies to continue to think creatively about sustainability.”

【小题1】What do we know about LEGO company?
A.They have designed many new products.
B.They are worried about the quality of the new products.
C.They go green with sugar cane-based plastic.
D.They failed to make great play products for children.
【小题2】What can we infer from Tim Brooks’ words?
A.Plant-based materials are of high qualities as traditional materials.
B.Consumers expect high standards for quality and safety from LEGO.
C.LEGO wants to make more products.
D.LEGO needn’t test the new products.
【小题3】What does Alix Grabowski think of LEGO Group’s decision?
A.It is of no significance to our future.
B.It makes other companies more competitive.
C.It sets a good example for other companies.
D.It is mainly dependent on finite resources.
【小题4】How can we comment on Lego’s new products?
A.Environmentally friendly and safe.B.Creative and safe.
C.Fashionable and popular.D.Sustainable and popular.

When customers in downtown Vancouver placed orders with Pizza Hut in September, many of the pies landed on their doorsteps without a person in sight. Instead, diners were met by autonomous robots looking like a cooler on four wheels with eyelike lights.

The belief held by Serve Robotics is simple: with slim restaurant profits, a labor shortage and climate change worries “Why move a two-pound hamburger in a two-ton car?” A handful of other robotic delivery companies have the same idea, but they are facing several roadblocks.

“They’re drawing a lot of attention from people while they’re out on the sidewalk because they’re not seeing them that often and people are excited to see them, but as usage continues to increase, this can cause a lot of crowding on already narrow sidewalks,” said Prabhjot Gill, a McKinsey & Co. associate partner.

Ali Kashani, Serve’s Vancouver-bred chief executive, considers the criticism to be a natural part of innovation and thinks they are “a win-win for everybody“. But he’s tried to quiet concerns by ensuring his robots flash their lights to warn people they are around. They are equipped with automatic crash prevention, vehicle collision avoidance and emergency braking.

However, David Lepofsky, chair of the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act Alliance, said, ”It’s not like we’re denying people a service. We’ve got a way to deliver pizzas that we’ve had since we’ve had pizza delivery. It’s called human beings.“

Manish Dhankher, Pizza Hut Canada’s chief customer officer, agrees no pizza delivery is worth risking somebody’s safety, but said his company only partnered with Serve once the robots had made thousands of injury-free trips.

Serve robots only made nearby deliveries for Pizza Hut’s 1725 Robson St. location for two weeks, but the pilot generated ”childlike excitement“ from customers and had a 95 per cent satisfaction rate.

But Pizza Hut isn’t ready to roll out robots permanently.

”We want to learn more,“ he said. “What happens when you put this in the snowy areas of Saskatchewan and what happens when there is freezing rain?”

【小题1】What is Gill’s attitude toward food delivery robots?
A.Supportive.B.Negative.C.Tolerant.D.Doubtful.
【小题2】What did Kashani do with the robots to ease people’s worry?
A.Add security systems.B.Create special routes.
C.Put them to practical tests.D.Advocate their safety.
【小题3】What can we infer from Dhankher’s words in paragraph 6?
A.Food delivery robots are completely safe.
B.Pizza Hut may use food delivery robots in the future.
C.Pizza Hut won’t choose food delivery robots forever.
D.He worries about the effect of bad weather conditions.
【小题4】What can be the best title for the text?
A.Food Delivery Robots Need to Be Improved
B.The Food Delivery Companies Are Taking off
C.The Inventor of Food Delivery Robots Are Optimistic
D.Mass Adoption of Food Delivery Robots Was Delayed

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