Landscape paintings of the 19th century displayed in London’s Tate Britain museum looked rather familiar to Anna Lea Albright, a climate researcher. Artist William Turner’s unique way of painting objects in foggy weather let Albright recall her early research on air pollution.
“I started wondering if there was a connection,” says Albright, who visited the museum on a day off from work. Turner — an English Romantic painter — was painting as increasing industrial plants earned London the name “The Big Smoke”. Turner’s early works were done with sharp details while later works had a dreamier aesthetic (美感).
To figure out to what extent Impressionists were reflecting the environmental conditions of that time, Albright partnered with climatologist Peter Huybers. They analyzed the contrast of 60 works created by Turner from 1796 to 1850 and 38 paintings by Monet between 1864 and 1901. It turned out that as the release of sulfur dioxide (二氧化硫) increased over time, the amount of contrast in both Turner’s and Monet’s paintings decreased. However, works set in Paris by Monet between 1864 and 1872 showed relatively higher contrast compared with Turner’s London-based works created 20 years earlier. This, Albright and Huybers say, can be due to the much slower start of the Industrial Revolution in France.
The researchers also analyzed the paintings’ visibility, or the distance at which an object can be clearly seen. Before 1830, the visibility in Turner’s paintings averaged about 25 kilometers while paintings after 1830 had the average visibility of about 10 kilometers. To strengthen their argument, the researchers also analyzed 18 paintings from four other London-and Paris-based Impressionists. Again, as outdoor air pollution increased, the contrast and visibility in the paintings decreased.
The researchers calculate that air pollution can explain about 61 percent of contrast differences between the paintings. In that respect, “different painters will paint in a similar way when the environment is similar,” Albright says. “But I don’t want to overstep the line and say: Oh, we can explain all of Impressionism.”
【小题1】Why is Albright’s visit to a museum mentioned?A.To connect art with research. | B.To introduce previous foggy weather. |
C.To show impacts of Turner’s painting. | D.To explain inspiration for her new study. |
A.His personal habits. | B.His drawing techniques. |
C.The higher level of industrialization. | D.The influence of Impressionists. |
A.Painting styles vary with time and regions. | B.Air pollution needs to be controlled. |
C.Lower visibility is more popular in works. | D.Changes in it may relate to air quality. |
A.Objective. | B.Optimistic. | C.Enthusiastic. | D.Doubtful. |
The Frick Collection (5th Avenue and E. 70th Street)
Many art lovers would rather visit this small art gallery than any other in New York. Henry Clay Frick, a rich New Yorker, died in 1919, leaving his house, furniture and art collections to American people. Frick had a preference for pre-twentieth century Western paintings, and these are well-represented in this excellent collection. You can also explore Frick’s beautiful house and garden which are well worth a visit
Guggenheim Museum (5th Avenue and 88th Street)
This museum owns 5,000 excellent modern paintings, sculptures and drawings. These art works are not all displayed at the same time. The exhibition is always changing. It will appeal to those who love Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings. The Guggenheim Museum building is also world-famous. The best way to see the paintings is to start from the top floor and walk down to the bottom. There are no stairs, just a circular(环形的) path.
Metropolitan Museum of Art (5th Avenue and 82nd Street)
The reputation of this museum lies in the variety of its art collection. This covers more than 5,000 years of civilization from many parts of the world. The museum displays more than just the visual delights of art. It introduces you in ancient ways of living. You can visit an Egyptian temple, a fragrant Ming garden, a typical room in an 18th century French house and many other special exhibitions.
Whitney Museum of American Art (945 Madsion Avenue, near 75th Street)
The Whitney holds an excellent collection or contemporary American paintings and sculptures. There are no permanent displays in this museum and exhibitions change all the time. Every two years, the Whitney holds a special exhibition of new art by living artists. The museum also shows videos and films by contemporary video artists.
【小题1】What can we know about Henry Clay Frick?A.He once lived a poor life. |
B.He had a deep love for his country. |
C.He left all his possessions to his family. |
D.He loved twentieth century paintings very much. |
A.They both have stairs in their buildings. |
B.They both hold art works by living artists. |
C.The exhibitions in them are always changing. |
D.They both display modern paintings, sculptures and drawings. |
A.The Frick Collection | B.Guggenheim Museum |
C.Whitney Museum of American Art | D.Metropolitan Museum of Art |
A.There are only paintings of great artists. |
B.It is located in the same avenue as the others. |
C.You can’t enjoy new art of living artists each year. |
D.It is not as popular among art lovers as the other museums. |
A.some famous artists | B.some famous paintings |
C.some famous places of interest | D.some famous art museums |
The 37-year-old artist, Kelly McKernan, from Nashville, Tennessee calls her works “surreal (超现实的)”. She says they are “dealing with discomfort in the human journey”. Living as an artist is difficult enough. Now McKernan faces another challenge: artificial intelligence (AI).
About a year ago, McKernan began seeing online images (图像) strangely similar to her own. She soon learned that companies were feeding artwork into AI systems to train software programs to create similar images. McKernan said, “I didn’t give my agreement for my name or works to be used this way.”
McKernan said she even tried to contact some of the companies to say “Hey, little artist here, I know you’re not thinking of me at all, but it would be really cool if you didn’t use my work like this.” But there was no answer.
In January, McKernan, and two other artists, Karla Ortiz and Sarah Andersen, started action by law against three image-generator companies: Stability AI, Stable Diffusion and Midjourney. They also included the online gallery DeviantArt in the case.
The artists are seeking to protect their copyrighted works and their careers. They say the AI image-generators violate (侵犯) the rights of millions of artists by using their artworks for training and then producing similar works that compete against the originals (原作). The artists are seeking damages and a court order to stop AI companies from using their works without being allowed.
Karla Ortiz works in the entertainment industry. Her work has been used in several well-known movies, including Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 and Jurassic World. She feared that film companies would think artworks from artists cost too much. Why, she asked, would film companies buy artworks from artists if they can pay $30 a month for AI-created works?
McKernan agreed: “Will I even have any work a year from now?”
【小题1】What troubles artist Kelly McKernan?A.The great similarity in her works. |
B.The competition among the artists. |
C.Her works being recreated without her agreement. |
D.Her customers’ increasingly high requirements. |
A.They were treated properly. | B.They were given timely attention. |
C.They were regarded as impolite. | D.They were answered with silence. |
A.Their low prices. | B.Their better quality. |
C.Their higher safety. | D.Their good service. |
A.Human Artists Lose Their Jobs | B.Artists Fight Back Against AI |
C.Artworks Can Be Created by AI | D.Artists Should Accept AI Works |
The price meant its value had risen more than 2,000 per cent in six years. The work , Eagle standing on pine tree with four-character coupleti(对联), measures about 2.6 metres by 1 metre . It was the second highest price paid for an artwork on the mainland . A Song dynasty work by Huang Tingjian was sold for 436.8 million yuan in 2010. Qi’s painting was finished in 1946 when Qi was 86, and was his largest work . With a starting price of 88 million yuan, it attracted nearly 50 bids(出价)in half an hour. Shanghai businessman Liu Yiqian said that the work had belonged to him and had cost less than 20 million yuan in 2005. The auction company said the work was brought back to the mainland after being bought from a private owner in San Francisco six years ago.
China ranked first in global art sales last year, ahead of the United States and Britain . Four Chinese artists were among the top 10 in worldwide sales: Qi Baishi , Zhang Daqian, Xu Beihong and Fu Baoshi. Qi’s works ranked second in sales to Pablo Picasso’s last year . Qi was born into a peasant family in Hunan in 1864. He taught himself to paint and focused on nature including plants, insects, birds and fish. He is mostly well-known for his paintings of shrimps. In 1953, he was elected president of the Association of Chinese Artists. He died in Beijing in 1957.
【小题1】What’s the best title of the text ?
A.Qi Baishi’s Painting Was Discovered . |
B.Qi Baishi’ s Painting Was Brought Back . |
C.Qi Baishi’s Painting Sets an Auction Record . |
D.The Value of Qi Baishi’s Paintings Is on the Increase . |
A.Qi Baishi’s . | B.Huang Tingjian’s |
C.Xu Beihong’s . | D.Zhang Daqian’s . |
A.337.5 . | B.348.8 . | C.50 . | D.11.3 . |
A.Qi finished the painting when he was young . |
B.The painting was once stolen by an American . |
C.The owner of this painting Liu Yiqian gained a lot of money . |
D.Pablo Picasso’s works ranked second in sales to Qi’s last year . |
A.computer book | B.library guide |
C.technology magazine | D.newspaper report |
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