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Many of us would probably say that lying is a matter of moral choice. But in his philosophy book A History of Lying, Juan Jacinto Muñoz-Rengel takes us in a different direction, which he calls “non-moral”.

He takes several persuasive steps to redirect us. First, he asks us to take into account how we represent reality to ourselves, and how we see it in relation to the self. This requires us to employ awareness of not just the world but also the concepts to describe it to ourselves and others. Moreover, “the reality” we believe we see and know might be an illusion (幻觉). So how do we even know when we’re telling the truth, and when we’re lying about it?

His second step is to say that our sense of personal identity should be treated with doubt, since we’re frequently wrong about our own experiences. If continuing personal identity might be an illusion, then the reality we see might be an illusion as well. But we choose to take part like actors in this illusion.

From here Muñoz-Rengel takes a third step towards what he calls “evolutionary epistemology (认识论)”, which shows everything we claim to know should be evaluated through an evolutionary angle. For instance, to stay safe from natural enemies or hunt for food, some animals evolve into being capable of mixing with the surroundings to delude others. The thing is, the species continues through natural selection processes. Equally, we grow myths to explain the natural world and our place in it… As individuals and as societies, various forms of lies are built into our DNA.

The arguments in this book are strongly made, but more than a few of Muñoz-Rengel’s viewpoints need far more evidence as support. But anyhow, in separating the discussion from conventional morality-based studies of lying, he has produced a lively and distinctive work. But still, there is one thing to remember — we perhaps will be liars, but that doesn’t mean we shouldn’t ask ourselves when it is acceptable to lie and when it isn’t.

【小题1】What can be implied about Muñoz-Rengel’s first persuasive step?
A.We can hardly control what we do in real life.
B.We are able to tell illusions from reality.
C.We choose to lie or not in different cases.
D.We tend to see reality in a subjective way.
【小题2】Why does Muñoz-Rengel give the examples in Paragraph 4?
A.To make a comparison.B.To clarify a concept.
C.To raise a problem.D.To change a topic.
【小题3】What does the underlined word “delude” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A.Surprise.B.Trick.C.Amuse.D.Protect.
【小题4】How does the author find the arguments in this book?
A.One-sided but convincing.B.Conventional but impressive.
C.Poorly-based but novel.D.Serious but understandable.
2024·四川·二模
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Visiting a library may not seem fun or interesting, but the ones below might be the most beautiful and attractive around the globe.

Widener Library, Massachusetts, the United States

As Harvard’s flagship library, the Widener Library was built in 1912. The library was named after Harry Elkins Widener, a 1907 Harvard graduate who donated 3, 300 books, invaluable paintings and money. The length of shelves reaches 91 kilometers. Today, it is known as a “silent library”, with two floors of quiet study rooms and five floors of underground literary resources.


Biblioteca Joanina, Coimbra, Portugal

The Biblioteca Joanina was named after its founder, King John V of Portugal, who started building the library in 1717. The library, located at the University of Coimbra, houses 300, 000 book collections. Many of the books were printed before the 1800s. The library is a huge tourist draw because of its decorative dark-wood arches and shelves.


Trinity College Old Library, Dublin, Ireland

Located in the center of Dublin, the Trinity College Old Library was constructed in 1712. With its two stories of dark-wood arches, the library is not only one of the world’s oldest libraries, but one of the most famous ones. The Long Room in the library is 65 meters long, filled with 200, 000 books and sculptures of great writers associated with the college.


Tianjin Binhai Library, Tianjin, China

Unlike the other libraries on our list, this one is practically new. As a cultural landmark of Tianjin, the Binhai Library officially opened to the public in 2017. Its breathtaking design was described by Time magazine as a “ziggurat” and has received a lot of attention from the public. The 33, 700 square-meter building can hold 1. 35 million books. Built in just five years, it has become a tourist attraction since it was finished.



【小题1】What do the four libraries have in common?
A.The areas of the buildings.B.The dates when they were built.
C.The admiration from the public.D.The number of book collections.
【小题2】Which library was built in honor of a university graduate?
A.Widener Library.B.Biblioteca Joanina.
C.Trinity College Old Library.D.Tianjin Binhai Library.
【小题3】How is Tianjin Binhai Library different from the other three libraries?
A.It was named after King of Portugal.B.Its books are before the 18th century.
C.It is a new one with the shortest history.D.It has a room with books and sculptures.

Do students learn as much when they read digitally as they do in print? Investigators have been trying to determine whether students do as well when reading an assigned text on a digital screen as on paper.

A number of researchers have sought to measure learning by asking people to read a passage of text, either in print or on a digital device, and then testing for comprehension.

Most studies have found that participants scored about the same when reading in each medium, though a few have indicated that students performed better on tests when they read in print.

Since in standardized testing, reading passages and answering questions afterwards may tell us little about any deeper level of understanding, some researchers are beginning to pose more subtle questions.

When people were asked to read d story in print or on a digital device and then to reconstruct the plot development, the answer is: Print yielded better results. When people were asked to read by choosing how much time to spend on each platform, the researchers found that participants devoted less time to reading the passage on screen and performed less well on the following comprehension test.

So, how does the learning question relate to educational goals?

To become skilled in critical thinking, students need to be able to handle text. The text may be long, complex or both. To make sense of it, students cannot skim, rush ahead or continually get distracted. So, does reading in print versus on screen build critical thinking skills?

When asked in which medium they felt they concentrated better, 92 percent replied “print”. For long academic reading, 86 percent favored print Participants were also reported to be more likely to reread academic materials if they were in print

What’s more, a number of students indicated they believed print was a better medium for learning. By contrast, in talking about digital screens, students noted “danger of distraction” and “no concentration”.

Evidently, it’s not too hard to tell that a pattern did emerge: Print stood out as the medium for doing serious work.

【小题1】What have the researchers asked participants to do on two reading media?
A.Participants are tested in standardized testing for critical thinking.
B.Participants are allowed to decide the time they spend on each platform.
C.Participants are asked to read a story and then compose a similar plot.
D.Participants are required to write a summary after skimming academic materials.
【小题2】What do researchers find about reading medium?
A.Reading in print is more likely to form a deeper understanding.
B.In standardized reading test, print is distinctively better than screen.
C.Spending a little more time on screen, participants may have a better understanding.
D.Reading on screen is of no benefit to improving reading ability.
【小题3】To achieve educational goals, how can we read a text better?
A.We should delete all the amusement apps from our cellphone.
B.We should read more attentively and be able to analyse the text.
C.We should be able to go through the most materials in the least time.
D.We should search for more documents on digital reading devices.
【小题4】What can be the best title for the passage?
A.Studies on reading media
B.Printed reading: better for serious work
C.Digital screen or Printed paper? Reader decides.
D.Strike a balance on reading media

Ever wonder where chocolate chip cookies came from?Or why we use waffles(华夫饼)as ice cream cones?

Mistakes that Worked,written by Charlotte Foltz Jones,award-winning author of non-fiction books for children, offers forty of these unusual tales,along with many interesting drawings and strange and amazing facts.

The book is divided into six parts: food,medicine,toys,accidental things,names,and I find the book great because if not for the book,I would never have known that something was actually accidentally created.Besides,I like to learn real information;I can't stand books with stories that aren't real.Although this is a non-fiction book and is about inventions,it is not a history of technology book;it's more of an easy reading book.This book would be attractive to both boys and girls,and it could actually be either an adult book or a children’s book.

Published in 1991,the book is a bit old and is showing its age now in 2016.Still,it contains lots of great information,even though some facts are not exact.I love the idea of a mistakes book,and I especially like the format, which allows readers to dip in and out of the book easily.However,the entries are not all equally strong. Additionally, if you don’t live in the US,the book makes little sense,since it is full of American references both historically and in terms of customs.

Anyway,Mistakes that Worked is a reminder that failure is not always the end.It is an enlightening book that encourages us to realize that taking risks and learning to experiment is often the best way to learn,even if we don’t end up creating something new and wonderful.

【小题1】What kind of book is Mistakes that Worked?
A.It's a picture book.B.It's a science book.
C.It's an adult book.D.It's a historical book.
【小题2】What can we infer about the author?
A.He reads too little.
B.He is a slow reader.
C.He is a great reader of non-fiction.
D.He enjoys reading books about inventions.
【小题3】Which of the following does the author especially like about the book?
A.Its facts.B.Its organization.
C.Its entries.D.Its reference.
【小题4】What is the author's opinion on the book?
A.It's a fun read.B.It's a perfect book.
C.It makes little sense.D.It's full of factual mistake

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