Imagine a busy restaurant: dishes clattering, music playing and people talking loudly. It’s a wonder that anyone in that environment can focus enough. In an earlier study. researchers established that people can separately control how much they focus (by enhancing relevant information) and how much they filter (by tuning out distraction).
Recently, Neuroscientist Ritz compared the process to muscle coordination (协调) in his study: “In the same way that we bring together more than 50 muscles to perform a physical task like using chopsticks, our study found we can coordinate different forms of attention in order to perform brain activities.”
To explore this, Ritz administered a cognitive task to participants while measuring their brain activity. Participants saw a mass of green and purple dots moving left and right. The tasks involved distinguishing between the movement and colors of the dots. For example, participants in one exercise had to select which color was in the majority for the rapidly moving dots with purple and green percentages close to 50/50.
“You can regard the intraparietal sulcus (脑顶内沟) as a radio dial with two knobs. one for focusing and one for filtering,” Ritz said, “When the anterior cingulate cortex (前扣带皮层) recognizes that, for instance, motion is making the task more difficult, it directs the intraparietal sulcus to adjust the filtering knob to reduce the sensitivity to motion and might also direct the intraparetal sulcus to adjust the focusing knob to increase the sensitivity to color. Now the relevant brain regions are less sensitive to motion and more sensitive to the color, so the participant can make better selection.
Nowadays, much is still being explored about attention coordination. A partnership with scientists at Brown University is investigating focus and-filter strategies in patients with treatment-resistant depression; one study co-led by Rita and Brown Ph,D. students examines the impact of financial rewards and penalties (处罚) on focus -and-filter strategies. “We all know there is still a considerable journey ahead.” Ritz said.
【小题1】What is the main focus of the new study?A.The process behind brain activities in humans. |
B.The relationship between mental state and attention. |
C.The mechanism of focusing and filtering coordination. |
D.The impart of noisy environment on humans attention. |
A.A distractor for participants. | B.A tracking target for the test. |
C.A main factor to evaluate the task. | D.A warning for participants to focus. |
A.The focusing knob. | B.The intraparietal sulcus. |
C.The filtering knob. | D.The anterior cingulate cortes. |
A.There are some challenges of the attention research. |
B.Ongoing research projects are based on these findings. |
C.Focus-and-filter strategies can solve depression problems. |
D.Motivation ways to drive attention are well applied in treatment. |
The effects of advertising often work in tricky ways. Many people don’t even realise they are being marketed to when they change their behaviour after encountering advertisements. Advertising is such a powerful psychological tool that an entire field of study devoted to unlocking how advertising influences consumer behaviour has been developed.
Another effect of advertising is educating consumers about specific products or services. This can be part of the persuasion written in an ad. In an advertisement, a company can influence potential buyers by showing how the product works and how it can solve the problems they face. For example, a dog owner who previously thought there was no solution to his dog’s anxiety can learn through a dog vest ad that there actually is a solution, and that solution is the gentle pressure provided by the vest.
Advertisements generally use similar language. Many advertisements are designed to make the viewers take immediate action. Words and phrases often used in such ads include “Buy now!” “Get started!” and “Try now!”. Specifically, the part of an ad that pushes for immediate action is called “call to action”, which is important to any ad because it drives the viewers or listeners to take action. Besides, companies usually use persuasive language in the rest of the advertisement. This can be a recommendation from a previous buyer, a chart showing the product’s benefits, or a list of the product’s benefits.
Advertising is part of marketing. Although the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably (可替换地), they aren’t the same thing. Marketing is the broad process of researching consumers needs, collecting and evaluating data related to those needs and developing various strategies for attracting consumers. Advertising, on the other hand, strictly refers to the process of attracting potential customers to make a sale.
【小题1】Why does the author tell the story about the dog owner?A.To show consumers learn about products for pets from ads. |
B.To show consumers’ problems are the inspiration for advertisers. |
C.To show consumers are affected by ads offering solutions to their problems. |
D.To show consumers’ needs can be satisfied by companies devoted to advertising. |
A.![]() | B.![]() | C.![]() | D.![]() |
A.Subjective. | B.Negative. | C.Supportive. | D.Objective. |
A.How Does Advertising Influence People |
B.What Are the Advantages of Advertising |
C.How Does Marketing Differ from Advertising |
D.What Are People’s Attitudes towards Advertising |
Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.
Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer.
People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory (义务的) volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g., “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”). When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future.
Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role.
A.People volunteer mainly out of academic requirements. |
B.People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must. |
C.It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. |
D.Individual differences are most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work. |
E.Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. |
F.Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. |
Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收缩)and pumping blood around their bodies, compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed. Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event, depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.
Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said: “Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”
The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces. Dr Garfinkel said, “The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed. Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don’t see and guide whether we see fear.”
To further understand this relationship, the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描仪)to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear.
“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain ‘speak’ to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear,” Dr Garfinkel said.
“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced, we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”
【小题1】What is the finding of the study?
A.Fear is a result of one’s relaxed heartbeat. |
B.One’s heart affects how he feels fear. |
C.Fear has something to do with one’s heart health. |
D.One’s fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear. |
A.volunteers’ heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures |
B.the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions |
C.volunteers’ reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans |
D.different pictures shown to volunteers and their heart-brain communication |
A.Order | B.Treatment |
C.Machine | D.System |
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