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African grey parrots help their peers complete tasks despite no immediate benefit to themselves, researchers have found in the first study to show that birds display such apparently “selfless” behaviour.

Writing in the journal Current Biology, Brucks and colleagues report how they tested African grey parrots in a task that involved the birds passing a token, in the form of a metal ring, through a hole in their section to a neighbouring bird of the same species. This token could then be passed by the second bird to a human, via another hole, who would exchange it for a piece of nut.

The team found African grey parrots helped their neighbours by passing tokens to their neighbour when a human held out their hand, allowing the second bird to drop it through-the hole and receive a tasty treat.

The same behaviour was seen when the roles of the birds were reversed (颠倒). The more tokens a bird had previously given, the more they received in return.

However, the team stress previously the birds did not know that their favour would be rewarded, suggesting it is something of a “selfless” act.

The team say it may be due to African grey parrots gathering in huge flocks at night but splitting into smaller groups during the day to forage (觅食). Brucks said such behaviour is thought to require strong social cognitive abilities, adding that being helpful might help the birds gain a good reputation with their peers, making it more likely that they would team up for foraging and other tasks.

Dr Manon Schweinfurth, an expert in animal behaviour, said evidence of reciprocal (互惠的) behaviour in African grey parrots is quite interesting. “It has been thought that it is so cognitively demanding that only humans can show it. But we now get more and more evidence from other animals that they are able to show reciprocity,” she said.

【小题1】What is paragraph 2 mainly about?
A.The methods of observation.B.The comparison of the species.
C.One feeding behaviour of parrots.D.One example of Brucks’ experiments.
【小题2】What is the possible driving force behind the “selfless” behavior exhibited by African grey parrots?
A.A strong survival instinct.B.A desire for food.
C.The need for social cognitive abilities.D.Curiosity towards other species.
【小题3】Based on the content of the article, which of the following statements is true?
A.Only African grey parrots are capable of exhibiting reciprocal behavior.
B.Reciprocal behavior is the only demonstration of cognitive abilities.
C.Other animals may possess similar social cognitive abilities to African grey parrots.
D.The reciprocal behavior of African grey parrots is learned through experience.
【小题4】What is the author’s attitude towards the behavior of African grey parrots described in the article?
A.Unclear.B.Admiring.C.Indifferent.D.Surprised.
2024·四川成都·三模
知识点:社会关系动物说明文 答案解析 【答案】很抱歉,登录后才可免费查看答案和解析!
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One day, a man saw an old lady sitting inside her car at the side of the road. Though it was dark, he could see she needed help. So he stopped his car and walked towards her. The old lady was worried, even though she noticed the smile on his face. Was he going to hurt her?“I’11 help you start your car, madam. By the way, my name is Bryan Anderson,”he said.

While Anderson was fitting a spare tire(备胎)to her car, the lady began to talk to him. She thanked him much for coming to help.

Anderson just smiled as he put his tools away. The lady asked how much she should pay him. He told her that if she really wanted to pay him back, the next time she saw someone who needed help, she could give them the help they needed. He waited until she started her car and drove off.

A few miles down the road, the lady saw a small restaurant. She went in and a waitress came over with a sweet smile. The old lady noticed the waitress was nearly eight months pregnant(怀孕的), but she never let the pains and aches change her smile when she served her

The lady finished her meal and paid with a hundred-dollar bill. The waitress quickly went to get change, but the old lady was gone when the waitress came back. The waitress wondered where the lady could be. Then she found there was a note on the napkin(餐巾), “You don’t need to give me anything back. Somebody once helped me out the way I’m helping you. If you really want to pay me back, here is what you do—do not let this chain(链子)of love end with you.”

Under the napkin were four more$ 100 bills.

【小题1】Why did Anderson tell his name to the old lady?
A.Because he wanted to check if the lady knew him.
B.Because he hoped that may help relax the lady.
C.Because he thought he could be paid back one day.
D.Because he wanted to leave his name for doing good things.
【小题2】What does the underlined word they refer to(指的是)?
A.The old lady and Anderson.B.The people who need help.
C.The old lady and the waitress.D.The people who help others.
【小题3】Which is the right order of the old lady’s feelings?
①Thankful②Happy③Worried④Helpless⑤Willing and ready to help
A.④③①⑤②B.④①③②⑤
C.③②①⑤④D.③①④⑤②
【小题4】What can be inferred(推断)from the passage?
A.The meal cost the old lady 400 dollars.
B.Anderson must be helped by someone before.
C.The old lady was able to fit a spare tire herself.
D.The waitress will probably help someone later.
【小题5】What’s the best title for the passage?
A.The Help of StrangersB.The Power of Smile
C.The Chain of LoveD.The Bill of Kindness

The most important thing to keep in mind when deciding to serve another is that service expects no rewards. When you expect something in return, and are not serving out of the goodness of your heart, others will notice. Sure they’ll thank you. 【小题1】

When you give from your heart, the real power of service comes into play. Serving is a great opportunity to strengthen your trust and respect for another, and for them to do the same to you. Not only do you feel great about helping out, but you build your relationship with them, and they will feel more willing to help you in the future. 【小题2】

However, why is service so rarely seen these days? 【小题3】 Sure, living in this day and age does not leave us much time, and the last thing people want to do is more work. I'm too busy, there's too much work, or I don't have the time, ” may run through your head when you hear the word service, but the truth is the benefits are worth the sacrifice. Gandhi once said that, “The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others. ” 【小题4】 Some ideas of places you can serve are volunteer centers, nursing homes, boys and girls clubs, and so on. You can serve people as long as you want to.

【小题5】 Although it does take some work, the benefits are more than worth the sacrifice. Not only do you feel better about making another's day a little less stressful, but you strengthen your relationship with them and they will be more willing to help you in the future.

A.It's a win-win situation.
B.Service is simple.
C.Overall, service and selflessly giving to others is very powerful and has many benefits.
D.And they will offer you worse service.
E.Service is a complex event.
F.The problem is, there's always an excuse not to serve.
G.But the service becomes more of a situation, “I’ll do this for you if you do this for me”.

How to Fix a Relationship

If you’re having a problem in your relationship, you’re not alone. Most people have trouble in relationships at one point or another. 【小题1】 However, you can make it work out if you decide to work together to fix it, starting with trying to understand what’s gone wrong in your relationship.

Recognize the problems. Any number of problems could do harm to your relationship. You should look for signs and symptoms of the problems you’re facing. Listening attentively is the key, which can help you understand what he or she is feeling. 【小题2】 Actually think about what the person is saying, and maybe try to understand what is behind the words as well. You also have a right to discuss what you’re feeling and thinking . The key is to keep a calm head.

【小题3】 Once you’re figured out what some of your problems are together, have a conversation to find ways to solve them. How can you solve the problems in a way that both of you can live with? 【小题4】 Start with the place you both agree on. Maybe you can both agree on the problem at least, or maybe you can agree on the first step to the solution. For instance, maybe you agree that you are feeling disconnected. Maybe you can take it one step further and agree that you need to spend more time together.

Make a plan together. Once you’re agreed to solutions, it’s time to put them into concrete terms. For instance, if you both agree you need to spend more time together, then maybe the agreement will be that you should make a date at least once a week.

Find ways to compromise(妥协). The key to any relationship is learning to compromise. 【小题5】 Compromising is about finding common ground, and both of you giving in a little on the issue.

A.Talk about solutions together.
B.Spend time connecting.
C.Don’t just let the words pass over you.
D.You can’t just expect to win every argument, as relationships need to give and take.
E.In other words, you need to look for common ground.
F.Most people have trouble with relationships at one point or another.
G.Whatever you need to do, take a few minutes to calm down before continuing the discussion.

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