试题详情
阅读理解-阅读单选 较难0.4 引用1 组卷258

Just after hatching, many birds learn to identify and follow the first moving object they encounter—a process called imprinting, which can offer protection in the wild as it helps them stay near a parent. It doesn’t take much visual information for a bird to learn to prefer one object and follow it. Researchers wanted to know whether AI models called transformers could do a similar task with limited inputs.

Transformers are generic learning systems that can be trained to perform a wide variety of tasks, making them useful in both AI chatbots such as ChatGPT and in computer vision applications, such as autonomous car navigation.

“To directly compare learning algorithms (计算程序) to brains, we need to train them on the same experiences,” says Samantha Wood at Indiana University Bloomington. She first raised chicks in a box where the only visual stimulation came from a rotating 3D object presented on a screen. After the first week, she ran each chick through hundreds of test trials that showed that same object on one screen-presented from both familiar and unfamiliar perspectives-and displayed a second unfamiliar object on another screen. The chicks spent more of their time near the first object, suggesting they had imprinted on it.

The researcher then created a virtual simulation (仿造物) of the set-up and used a virtual agent to move through it while looking around and recording a first-person view. That provided tens of thousands of simulated images for training and evaluating four transformer models.

The AI models had just 300 milliseconds to learn from each simulated image-approximating (接近于) how long biological neurons (神经元) fire after being presented with an image. The researcher found that the AIs could learn to recognise a 3D object as quickly and accurately as the chicks.

The study is “a great piece of work” in comparing machine performance with biological brains, says Antone Martinho-Truswell at the University of Sydney. But he also notes, “We might be able to say that the chick ‘saw’its imprinting object, but that will have a component (成分) of experience to it. Particularly as imprinting is to do with identifying its mother, it would be unsurprising if that visual experience were combined with a suite of other components of experience: fear yielding to comfort, for example, as the chick comes to regard the object as its imprinted ‘mother’.”

【小题1】Why do newborn birds engage in imprinting?
A.To enhance their navigation skills.
B.To develop their social behaviour.
C.To improve their communication with other birds.
D.To establish a protective connection with a guardian.
【小题2】How did Samantha Wood conduct the initial experiment with chicks?
A.She raised them in an environment with a rotating visual element.
B.She exposed them to various visual stimulations in the wild.
C.She showed them various moving objects on screens.
D.She observed their behaviour in a natural habitat.
【小题3】What role did the virtual simulation play in the research?
A.To imitate the natural behaviour of birds.
B.To assess the effectiveness of virtual agents.
C.To examine the Al models’ability to identify a 3D object.
D.To create a visually diverse environment for the chicks.
【小题4】According to Antone Martinho-Truswell, what poses a challenge in comparing machine performance with biological brains?
A.Rapid learning pace of AI models.
B.Recreating real-world environments for experiments.
C.The complexity and diversity of biological experiences.
D.Conducting additional experiments with a range of animals.
2024·江苏盐城·模拟预测
知识点:科普知识 说明文人工智能 答案解析 【答案】很抱歉,登录后才可免费查看答案和解析!
类题推荐

The COVID-19 pandemic has spread far and wide. Because of this, countries around the world have carried out measures to help stop the virus in its tracks. As more people stay inside to stay safe, the outside world seems to have become much quieter. In fact, scientists have seen this change in their research.

Seismologists - scientists who study earthquakes - have heard a lot less seismic(地震的) noise recently.

Seismic noise is made from vibrations (continuous shaking movements) in the ground that are caused by things like ocean waves and human activity, such as construction work and traffic. This noise makes it difficult for scientists to pick up seismic activity that is made at the same frequency.

Thomas Lecocq, a scientist at the Royal Observatory of Belgium, located in Brussels, was the first to notice this phenomenon. According to Lecocq, the amount of seismic noise in Brussels has been reduced by about 30 to 50 percent since mid-March. Interestingly enough, this is around the same time Belgium started its measures. Because of this reduction in background noise, scientists like Lecocq have been able to pick up on smaller earthquakes that some seismic stations - like the one in Brussels - wouldn’t have been able to before.

This phenomenon isn’t unique to Brussels, though. Once Lecocq shared his findings online, seismologists from all over the world echoed similar findings. Celeste Labedz, a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology, mentioned in a tweet that Los Angeles also experienced less background noise. “The drop is seriously wild,” she wrote.

Researchers from the UK, France and New Zealand also noted a decrease in background noise since measures were put in place.

These global efforts to contain the COVID-19 virus have helped to shed light on seismic activity that may have gone unnoticed. It also shows that people are listening to health officials and following lockdown rules. “From the seismological point of view, we can motivate people to say, ‘You feel like you’re alone at home, but we can tell you that everyone is home. Everyone is respecting the rules,’” Lecocq told CNN.

【小题1】What did seismologists find out recently?
A.Reduced seismic vibration makes the Earth quieter.
B.More smaller earthquakes are more likely to happen.
C.Many seismic activities have been detected recently.
D.Seismic noise is caused by vibrations underground.
【小题2】What can we infer from the text?
A.More seismic noise is being picked up.
B.More data on smaller earthquakes is being collected.
C.Scientists will shift their focus to smaller earthquakes.
D.Future big earthquakes must be more accurately predicted.
【小题3】The underlined word “echoed” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to “__________”.
A.repeatedB.demandedC.exploredD.questioned
【小题4】Which of the following statements does Lecocq mostly probably agree?
A.The drop in seismic noise is unique to Europe.
B.Seismic noise is mainly caused by human activity.
C.Many seismologists wanted tighter restrictions for their research.
D.The phenomenon proved that people are practicing social lockdown rules.

There are breathing robots versed in “thousands of years of Buddhist breathing techniques” that claim to soothe you to sleep. Then there are weighted blankets that press around 10% of your body weight down as you take a nap. And there are apps, such as supermodel Natalia Vodianova's Loona, designed to create a "sleepscape" by combining visual and aural storytelling with relaxation-based activities such as colouring in. These are just some of the products at the heart of the “sleep aid revolution”.

Sleep occupies almost as much of the national conversation as weather—how much, when, how deep it is—and we are more than prepared to spend our money on more, and better, shut-eye.

In the past 12 months, sales of sleep-related products have soared. At John Lewis, silk pillowcase sales have increased by 533%. At weighted blankets company Mela, sales are up by 250%, while at Holland & Barrett sales of products in the sleep and relaxation category have grown by over 30% year-on-year.“ sleep” is the third most common unique search term for visitors to Neal's Yard Remedies' site.

But there are some dissenting voices. "The sleep-aid industry steps in, with claims that we're not sleeping because it's time for a new mattress, and offers us products to enable sleep," says Darian Leader, author of Why Can't We Sleep? “However," he points out, “what we are seeing is a depoliticizing of sleep - ignore the socio-economic burdens and internal pain that people face and see lack of sleep as a separate problem with a 'separate solution'."

The growing interest isn't limited to those suffering from diagnosable sleep issues—sleep has become a pillar of the wellness market and tracking it has become another symptom of the rise of the quantified self, a movement that sees people tracking their every step.

Sleep expert Dr. Neil Stanley distrusts the market: “It is a trick to scare everybody because nobody's going to make any money if you just go around saying 'it's common sense, you know how to sleep' .”

While rebutting any scientific evidence for many of the products, he admits that anything—a silk pillowcase, camomile tea, yoga or listening to Pink Floyd really loudly - could, in theory, help.

But, he says, many are overlooking the simple things. "You need three things for a good night's sleep: a bedroom that's comfortable, a relaxed body and a quiet mind ... you need to make space in your life for sleep.”

【小题1】What does the underlined word “dissenting” probably mean?
A.ApprovingB.OpposedC.IndifferentD.Pessimistic
【小题2】What message does Darian Leader intend to convey in Paragraph 4?
A.A sleep problem is mainly caused by lack of a good mattress.
B.Social and psychological factors should be taken into account.
C.Social and psychological factors are more important than the physical setting.
D.Manufacturers trick people into buying those sleep-related products.
【小题3】What can we infer from the passage?
A.Sleep-related products meet a mixed reception among customers.
B.Only people with sleep problems need sleep-related products.
C.There is a trend that more people monitor their sleep situation.
D.Darian and Dr. Neil hold contradictory opinions towards sleep-related products.
【小题4】Why does Dr. Neil Stanley say the words in the last paragraph?
A.To give a warning.B.to provide a comment.C.To express a concern.D.To make a suggestion.

The biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun, but the man with the portable computer in business class. In the last 15 years, pilots have reported well over 100 incidents that could have been caused by electromagnetic interference. The source of this interference remains unconfirmed, but increasingly, experts are pointing the blame at portable electronic device such as portable computers, radio and cassette players and mobile telephones.

RTCA, an organization which advises the aviation (航空) industry, has recommended that all airlines ban such devices from being used during “critical” stages of flight, particularly take-off and landing. Some experts have gone further, calling for a total ban during all flights. Currently, rules on using these devices are left up to individual airlines. And although some airlines prohibit passengers from using such equipment during take-off and landing, most are reluctant to enforce a total ban, given that many passengers want to work during flights.

The difficulty is predicting how electromagnetic fields might affect an aircraft’s computers. Experts know that portable device emit radiation which affects those wavelengths which aircraft use for navigation and communication. But, because they have not been able to reproduce these effects in a laboratory, they have no way of knowing whether the interference might be dangerous or not.

The fact that aircraft may be vulnerable to interference raises the risk that terrorists may use radio systems in order to damage navigation equipment. As worrying, though, is the passenger who can’t hear the instructions to turn off his radio because the music’s too loud.

【小题1】The passage is mainly about _____.
A.a new regulation for an airlines
B.the drawbacks of electronic devices
C.a possible cause of aircraft incidents
D.effective safety measures for air flight
【小题2】What is said about the over 100 aircraft incidents in the past 15 years?
A.They may have been caused by the damage to the radio systems.
B.They may have taken place during take-off and landing.
C.They were proved to have been caused by the passengers’ portable computers.
D.They were suspected to have resulted from electromagnetic interference.
【小题3】Few airlines want to impose a total ban on their passengers using electronic devices because ______.
A.they don’t believe there is such a danger as radio interference
B.the harmful effect of electromagnetic interference is yet to be proved
C.most passengers refuse to take a plane which bans the use of radio and cassette players
D.they have other effective safety measures to fall back on
【小题4】It can be inferred from the passage that the author _____.
A.hasn’t expressed his own opinion on this problem
B.has overestimated the danger of electromagnetic interference
C.is in favor of prohibiting passengers’ use of electronic devices completely
D.regards it as unreasonable to exercise a total ban during flight

组卷网是一个信息分享及获取的平台,不能确保所有知识产权权属清晰,如您发现相关试题侵犯您的合法权益,请联系组卷网