We can achieve knowledge either actively or passively. We achieve it actively by direct experience, by testing and proving an idea, or by reasoning.
We achieve knowledge passively by being told by someone else. Most of the learning that takes place in the classroom is passive, and so is the kind that happens when we watch TV or read newspapers or magazines. Conditioned (习惯) as we are to passive learning, it’s not surprising that we depend on it in our everyday communication with friends and co-workers.
Unfortunately, passive learning has a serious problem. It makes us tend to accept what we are told even when it is little more than hearsay (传闻) and rumor (谣言).
Did you ever play the game Rumor? It begins when one person writes down a message but doesn’t show it to anyone. Then the person whispers it, word for word, to another person. That person, in turn, whispers it to still another, and so on, through all the people playing the game. The last person writes down the message word for word as he or she hears it. Then the two written statements are compared. Typically, the original message has changed.
That’s what happens in daily life. The simple fact that people repeat a story in their own words changes the story. Then, too, most people listen imperfectly. And many enjoy adding their own creative touch to a story, trying to improve on it, stamping (打上标记) it with their own personal style. Yet those who hear it think they know.
This process is also found among scholars and authors: A statement of opinion by one writer may be restated as a fact by another, who may in turn be quoted by yet another; and this process may continue, unless it occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the interpretation he placed upon those facts.
【小题1】What is the meaning of the words in Para.1 “experience”?A.经历 | B.环境 | C.专家 | D.苦难 |
A.doing a medical experiment | B.solving a math problem |
C.visiting an exhibition | D.doing scientific reasoning |
A.a message may be changed when being passed on |
B.a message should be delivered in different ways |
C.people may have problems with their sense of hearing |
D.people tend not to believe in what they know as rumor |
A.Active learning is less important | B.Passive learning may not be reliable |
C.Active learning occurs more frequently | D.Passive learning is not found among scholars |
A.introduce the advantages of passive learning | B.persuade us to adopt active learning |
C.explain why passive learning can be bad | D.compare active learning and passive learning |
It’s hard to say why, but it’s just true: music is good for you. It can calm your spirit and help you vent (发泄) your anger.
The 74 participants were divided into three groups.
The results? The ones who received a little extra learning every week outperformed those who just continued on with their normal studies.
“That’s a big thing for kids in learning language: being able to hear the differences between words,” Desimone said in a statement. “They really benefited from that.” To the researchers, the results point to one clear conclusion:
A.It can even be used to improve your memory. |
B.It can bring people together and give us hope. |
C.So students should have music lessons more often. |
D.The control group simply carried on with their normal school classes. |
E.Many studies have shown a close link between musical training and language skills. |
F.If you’re a school administrator who wants kids to succeed, you’d better not cut those music programs. |
G.Even the ones who only took music lessons turned out to perform better on language puzzles than those who didn’t have extra lessons. |
Educational programs often use fear-based messaging and films of crash scenes to reduce risky driving behavior among young people. But does this “scary” approach work? A new study suggests that fear-based messaging fails to reduce risky driving behavior, while fear-based Virtual Reality (VR) films showing a violent collision may actually lead young drivers to take more chances behind the wheel.
A team of psychologists in Belgium conducted a study of 146 students who had been legally driving for less than five years. The researchers examined the impact of both content (fear vs. positive) and delivery mode (2D vs. VR) of driver safety intervention programs.
By showing a serious consequence such as death, fear-based driver education films attempt to arouse a sense of fear and persuade young people to drive more carefully. Positively framed films take the opposite approach, using humor and modeling safe driving behaviors that result in positive consequences.
Three tests were used to analyze the risk-taking behavior of the young drivers before and after participating in the intervention program. One was a questionnaire. Another was a test on traffic, which asks participants to watch video clips of driving situations and choose whether they view a situation as too risky, for example, choosing whether to pass another car in icy conditions. A third test was used to measure the level of emotional arousal (such as feeling afraid) after watching a film.
The results showed that participants who viewed the fear-based VR film reported riskier driving behaviors afterward, while those who viewed a positively framed VR film exhibited the greatest reduction in risky driving behavior. This finding supports other research that has shown that exposing participants to an extreme collision tends to activate defensive mechanisms, such as paying attention for a shorter time, disengaging, rejecting a message, and an increase in risky behaviors.
“Fear appeals have been used in many health and environmental campaigns, such as smoking and anti-drug,” says Dr. Cutello of the research team. “Further experimental research is needed to determine whether the use of fear is effective.”
【小题1】What is the new study about?A.VR’s application on driving education. | B.Young drivers’ risky driving behaviors. |
C.The deadly consequence of violent crashes. | D.The effect of drivers’ educational programs. |
A.To assess driving emotions. | B.To judge driving behaviors. |
C.To gain driving competence. | D.To keep safe driving in mind. |
A.Drivers show fewer risky behaviors. | B.Drivers were less able to focus long. |
C.Drivers were unwilling to cooperate. | D.Drivers became more open to advice. |
A.More research should be conducted. | B.Fear-based education shouldn’t be used. |
C.The result of his research is unconvincing. | D.The use of fear education has been cut down. |
The moon may hold water in more places and in larger amounts than scientists have suggested in the past. The finding is based on two studies published in Nature Astronomy — that examined new data from the U.S. space agency NASA.
Until about 10 years ago. scientists believed the moon was mostly dry. Then, a series of findings provided evidence that water ice was widespread in small amounts on parts of the moon. The ice was thought to be in areas permanently blocked from sunlight.
But in one of the new studies. NASA said it was able to validate the presence of water molecules (分子) on sunlit parts of the lunar surface. The space agency says the identification came from data collected by its SOFIA airborne observatory equipped with a powerful telescope. The research was led by Casey Honniball of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. Scientists have suggested the source of the water may have been comets (彗星), asteroids (小行星), solar wind or interplanetary dust. The new research provides evidence that the water may be surviving on sunlit lunar surfaces because it is attached to minerals.
The second study centered on so-called "cold traps" on the moon. These are areas of the lunar surface that exist in a state of permanent darkness where temperatures are below about minus 160 degrees Celsius. Scientists say temperatures this cold can hold frozen water for billions of years.
Planetary scientist Paul Hayne of the University of Colorado Boulder led the research on cold traps. He said likely "tens of billions" of traps. Hayne's team says the new research suggests more than 40,000 square kilometres of the moon's surface may have the ability to trap water in the form office. That figure is 20 percent bigger than predicted in the past, Hayne said.
Jacob Bleacher is the chief exploration scientist for NASA's Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate. He told reporters the agency believes it is very important to find out more about where the water comes from and how accessible it is.
【小题1】Which word can replace the underlined word "validate" in paragraph 3?A.Deny. | B.Confirm. | C.Observe. | D.Control. |
A.There's much moving water there. |
B.They exist for a relatively short time. |
C.The temperature is extremely low there. |
D.They are on the sunlit part of the lunar surface. |
A.How water is attached to minerals. | B.How much water is on the lunar surface. |
C.How cold traps take shape. | D.How to make use of the water. |
A.Moon holds more water than expected. |
B.Scientists found cold traps on the lunar surface. |
C.Water is found to exist on the moon. |
D.NASA's exploration of the moon is under way. |
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