You might have heard of the expression “a guilty pleasure”—maybe it’s the chocolate bar you buy on the way home from work, or the new clothes that you don’t really need.
Perhaps not. Psychologists have suggested that buying things for yourself can make you feel better as it provides an opportunity to take control of your situation.
Of course, there are also examples of people turning to destructive behaviour when faced with stressful circumstances. People might spend money that they don’t have or turn to dangerous addictions. Psychologist Leon Seltzer considers the difference between self-indulgence and self-nurturing.
A.Exams are vital for students. |
B.Self-indulgence can have negative consequences |
C.The difference becomes evident when students manage exam pressure |
D.They also recommend embracing activities that could dampen your spirits |
E.Besides, you should avoid things that may make you feel worse afterwards |
F.It comes from the idea that when we treat ourselves, it can sometimes leave us feeling guilty |
G.It can give you social contact as well as a confidence boost from changes you make to your self-image |
"Here getting emotional is not bad for you if you look at the case of anger," said Jennifer Lerner of Carnegie Mellon. "The more people display anger, the lower their stress responses."
Lerner studied 92 UCLA students by asking them to count back from 6,200. They must say out loud every thirteenth number. Researchers disturbed them by asking them to count faster or ask them other questions. If they made any mistakes, they had to restart from the very beginning. Many students felt depressed about making so many mistakes or got angry because the researchers were interrupting them.
Lerner used a hidden video camera and recorded all their facial expressions during the test. The researchers describe their reactions as fear, anger and disgust.
Other researchers recorded the students' blood pressure, pulse and production of a high-stress hormone (荷尔蒙) called cortisol. People whose faces showed more fear during th e experiment had higher blood pressure and higher levels of the hormone. Both can have lasting effects such as diabetes (糖尿病), heart disease, depression and extra weight gain.
When people feel fear, negative impacts increase, but when they get angry, those negatives go down, according to the study.
"Having that sense of anger leads people to actually feel some power in what otherwise is maddening (令人发狂的) situation,"
Lerner said. Lerner previously studied Americans' emotional response to the 911 terrorist attacks two months after the incident. She found people who reacted with anger were more optimistic. These people are healthier compared with those who were frightened during the event. So in maddening situations, anger is not a bad thing to have. It's a healthier response than fear.
【小题1】Which statement will Jennifer Lerner agree with?
A.It's better to be angry than to be frightened. |
B.Different reactions reflect different outlooks on life. |
C.Don't control your anger and it makes you powerful. |
D.Pessimistic people are generally healthier than opt imistic people. |
A.Fear and anger. |
B.Higher blood pressure and higher levels of the hormone. |
C.Blood pressure and pulse. |
D.Blood pressure and cortisone. |
A.recording their performance secretly |
B.asking them to count to 6,200 again and again |
C.disturbing them and making them start all over again |
D.criticizing them when they made mistakes |
A.By showing their optimistic side. |
B.By reducing their stress. |
C.By reducing high blood pressure. |
D.By taking the place of fear. |
A.The findings of new psychology research. |
B.What you can do with anger in certain cases. |
C.Different effects produced by anger and fear. |
D.Healthier responses in maddening situations. |
Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation(感觉)of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.
Psychologists have known that one person’s perception(感知)of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.
Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.
To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses(假设), handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form: The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.
“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.
【小题1】The author mentions Harlow’s experiment to show that ______.A.adults should develop social skills |
B.babies need warm physical contact |
C.caregivers should be healthy adults |
D.monkeys have social relationships |
A.evaluate someone’s personality |
B.write down their hypotheses |
C.fill out a personal information form |
D.hold coffee and cold drink alternatively |
A.abstract thinking does not come from physical experiences |
B.feelings of warmth and coldness are studied worldwide |
C.physical temperature affects how we see others |
D.capable persons are often cold to others |
A.Drinking for Better Social Relationships. |
B.Experiments of Personality Evaluation. |
C.Developing Better Drinking Habits. |
D.Physical Sensations and Emotions. |
How to Stop Laughing at Inappropriate Times
Although laughing at inappropriate times can be embarrassing, it’s actually a natural reaction for some people when they’re facing a highly stressful situation. It can help you relieve stress and release your own tension.
Distract yourself from your urge to laugh.
It takes time to learn how to curb your tendency to laugh, but distraction is an easy way to stop yourself, in the meantime. For example, you can pinch yourself. The slight pain will distract you from your urge to laugh.
What can you do instead of laughing nervously? For example, nod, lick your lips, exhale slowly, or click a pen. What you decide to replace your laughter with depends on the circumstances that are causing your laughter. For example, you may laugh nervously during work meetings.
Identify what makes you laugh inappropriately.
Do you laugh out of nervousness, or do you laugh to cope with painful feelings? Maybe you laugh because you have a lot of energy or have trouble finding the words you want to say. Whatever your reasons for laughing, write down when your laughter is causing you issues. Consider the time, location, occasion, and people who could be causing your laughter. These are called your triggers.
A.Create a plan for replacing your laughter. |
B.Choose replacement behaviors for the laughter. |
C.You can also look for a certain color in the room. |
D.Tell yourself, “The next time I feel awkward in a work meeting, I will click my pen.” |
E.Once you know what they are, you can begin to address your habit of laughing. |
F.But the inappropriate laughter may negatively affect your life. |
G.If this is the case, click your pen instead of laughing. |
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