A new study suggests water may have existed on Mars much more recently than past evidence (证据) has shown. The research is based on data collected by the Chinese rover, Zhurong, which arrived on the planet in 2021.
Today, Mars has a cold, desert climate. But past studies have provided evidence that ancient Mars had large amounts of water. A study suggested that 4.3 billion years ago, Mars likely had an ocean covering nearly half of the planet’s northern hemisphere.
There are different theories for what caused large amounts of water to disappear from Mars. The most likely explanation is that the liquid escaped when the planet’s air thinned over time. This turned the surface into a frozen desert about 3 billion years ago.
In the new study, the Chinese rover observed salt-rich sand dunes (沙丘) on the surface. The dunes contained breaks and small hills, which provide evidence that the land had frozen and then melted (融化). The melting could have happened as recently as a few hundred thousand years ago, the study said. The researchers believed the dunes were likely formed sometime after 1.4 million to 400,000 years ago, possibly even more recently. Conditions during that period were likely similar to how things are on Mars today.
The researchers said small openings filled with salty water were created by melting frost or snow. The team ruled out wind as a cause, as well as frost made of carbon dioxide, which makes up most of the Martian atmosphere.
“The rover has now provided evidence that there may be a wider distribution of this process on Mars than previously identified,” said Mary Bourke. She added that although the evidence suggests small amounts of water, it could still be important in identifying environments that could support life.
【小题1】What can we infer about the lost water on Mars from paragraph 3?A.It disappeared into space. | B.It is blown away gradually. |
C.It still remains underground. | D.It is buried in a frozen desert. |
A.Melted frost and snow. | B.Thin air on Mars. |
C.Some sand dunes being rich in salt. | D.The frost made from carbon dioxide. |
A.To measure the role of wind. | B.To find areas suitable for life. |
C.To study the frozen and melted areas. | D.To figure out the history of dunes. |
A.Chinese rover finds water on Mars | B.There used to be rich water on Mars |
C.Water is actually more widespread on Mars | D.Chinese rover makes a new discovery on Mars |
A high level of methane (甲烷) gas on Mars was found by NASA's Mars exploration vehicle. The discovery is exciting because the presence of methane gas could support the case for life on Mars:
NASA's Curiosity vehicle recently recorded the largest level of methane ever measured during its seven-year Mars mission.
Methane has no color or smell. A special instrument on Curiosity's Mars Science Laboratory recorded the increased gas level. Besides methane, the instrument can record levels of water and carbon dioxide.
Nearly all the methane gas found in earth's atmosphere is produced by biological activity. It usually comes from animal and plant life. But it can also be formed by geological processes, such as interactions between rocks and water.
It was not the first time Curiosity has found methane gas in the Martian atmosphere.. About a year ago, NASA announced that Curiosity had discovered sharp seasonal increases in the gas. This time, NASA said the measured methane gas level was clearly larger than any others observed in the past. NASA officials even temporarily stopped Curiosity's other activities to investigate further.
However, Curiosity's team carried out a follow-up methane experiment that showed a sharp drop in levels of the gas. The rise and fall of the methane gas levels left NASA scientists with more questions than answers. The scientists are continuing to study possible causes for the sudden increase.
Curiosity does not have instruments that can exactly identify whether the source of the methane is biological or geological. One leading theory is that methane is being released from underground areas created by possible life forms that disappeared long ago. Even though Mars has no active volcanoes, scientists believe it is also possible that methane is being produced by reactions involving carbon materials and water.
【小题1】Why is the discovery of methane gas on Mars exciting?A.It was first found on Mars. | B.It's evidence of life existence. |
C.It can be used in further studies. | D.It proves the existence of water. |
A.It is colorless and smelly. |
B.It is mainly created by rocks and water. |
C.It is as important as water and carbon dioxide. |
D.It is produced by biological or geological, activity. |
A.Discovering methane gas several times on Mars. |
B.The failure of the follow-up methane experiment. |
C.Having no exact instruments to identify methane gas. |
D.Sharp changes in the amount of methane gas on Mars. |
A.Explorations on Mars | B.Methane Level on Mars |
C.Methane Mystery on Mars | D.The Sources of Methane on Mars |
The night sky has been an endless source of fascination since the start of human history. For example, the mysterious large-eyed, bronze statues of the ancient Shu Kingdom, discovered at the Chinese archeological site at Sanxingdui, were believed to have been able to look across great distances into the stars. In reality, humans can see very little of the night sky with the naked eye. And, for a long while, people were unable to understand what they could see.
Our power to investigate and thus understand space changed dramatically when the first telescope (望远镜) was angled at the night sky, increasing as it did the power of the human eye and enabling us to understand that the universe is far larger than was previously imaginable. The planets were seen to be worlds similar to our own, many of them even having their own moons.
Almost 400 years after the first Earth-based telescope was invented, the Hubble Space Telescope was launched into orbit, giving astronomers indeed all of us — the first breathtakingly beautiful images of our universe taken from beyond Earth.
A.The success of the Hubble has depended on teams of engineers, technicians, scientists, and astronauts working together on high performance challenges for the cause. |
B.Soon, it was understood that the Sun was just one star among billions in the galaxy we call the Milky Way. |
C.Not knowing what the stars were, people in ancient times used their imaginations to create a world in the sky. |
D.To see even further into the universe, many countries are now engaged in building ever more advanced telescopes. |
E.So much of the Milky Way remains unexplored that we are still close to the start of this incredible journey of discovery. |
F.Nothing in history has allowed us to see so much over such great distances, from clouds of gas where stars are being born to new planets where we might find life. |
Astronomers have examined the stars that a new space telescope might target, to prepare for one of the most advanced searches for life on other planets. They found out which star systems might be more suitable to hunt for potential life.
In the 2040s, NASA plans to launch the Habitable Worlds Observatory(HWO). Its big goal is to image about 25 Earth-like planets in the habitable zones of sun-like stars-where water and even life could exist. Before building the HWO, scientists are working on significant challenges it will face.
One of those is choosing stars within around 100 light years from Earth that the telescope might target. Caleb Harada at the University of California, Berkeley, and his team analyzed 164 potential stars to determine their characteristics. These stars could become some of the most studied stars ever.
Harada and his team discovered that 102 of the stars are binaries(双子星), which could make the search for life more complex. The HWO telescope will use a tool to block out the stars’ light to attempt to image planets in orbit and study the gases in their atmospheres. “If binaries are too close together, the light from the unblocked star will be so bright that it’ll cover up the planets and make them hard to see,” explains Bruce Macintosh from the University of California Observatories.
Out of all the stars, 33 have dust rings that could make it hard to see planets clearly. “This makes exploring harder,” says Harada. “Some stars also sometimes burst into bright flames, like our sun’s flares, which aren’t always deadly. But we need to check closely that they’re not too strong, because these can affect life and living conditions,” explains Harada.
【小题1】Why is HWO to be built?A.To take pictures of planets. | B.To find out habitable planets. |
C.To identify Earth-like planets. | D.To prepare for the search for life. |
A.The application of the telescope. | B.The characteristics of studied stars. |
C.The analysis of potential sun-like stars. | D.The challenge of finding the right stars. |
A.The HWO telescope. | B.Tightly spaced binary stars. |
C.The brightness of unblocked stars. | D.The gases in planets’ atmospheres. |
A.Space exploration. | B.Stars’ intense bursts. |
C.Frequent solar flares. | D.Dust rings on planets. |
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