For centuries, historians and archaeologists have defined periods of human history by the technologies or materials that made the greatest impact on society — like the Stone Age, Bronze Age, or Iron Age. But what age are we in now? For some researchers, according to Atlas Obscura’s Cara Giamo, that question can be answered with one word: plastics.
“Plastic has redefined our material culture and the artifacts we leave behind. It will be found in stratified (分层) layers in our trash deposits (沉积层)” That’s according to archaeologist John Marston.
The wide variety of synthetic polymers (合成聚合物) would not exist if it weren’t for human action. Since the first plastic polymers were invented, about six billion tons of plastics have been made and spread around the planet, from forests to oceans ever since the first plastics polymers were invented.
Plastics are one of the most significant changes that humans have made to the Earth’s makeup. Most plastics don’t easily degrade. This only adds to the problem. Recycling isn’t an adequate solution. Not all types of plastic are easily recyclable. And there are only a few recycling plants that can process all varieties of plastic.
According to Debra Winter, writer for The Atlantic, this means that many of the materials thrown into recycling bins can cross the planet several times before they are processed. They are made into produce rugs, sweaters, or other bottles. Although millions of tons of plastic are recycled every year, millions more end up in landfills or the ocean. The problem has reached the point where it’s possible that in just a few decades there might be more plastic in the world’s oceans than fishes.
“Plastics have a supposed life span of over 500 years, it’s safe to say that every plastic bottle you have used exists somewhere on this planet, in some form or another,” Winter writes.
The damage may already be done. It may be too late for human populations worldwide to change their plastic-using ways. So the Plastic Age might soon take its place next to the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in the history of human civilization.
【小题1】Why do people call our age the Plastic Age?A.Because plastics are not naturally made. | B.Because humans create plastics. |
C.Because plastics influence the world greatly. | D.Because historians and archaeologists think so. |
A.They are recycled | B.They are degraded |
C.They are thrown away | D.They are made into bottles |
A.Human beings are in the Plastic Age | B.Plastics have ruined our environment |
C.We must stop using plastics altogether | D.Plastics are significant to human development |
Each year, the world produces more than 300 million tons of plastic waste, which can take a longtime to breakdown. Almost a third of the world’s plastic waste is polypropylene, a hard plastic used to make bottle: caps and food containers that typically take hundreds of years to degrade.
Now, a group of scientists at the University of Sydney, in Australia have developed a solution: using fungi (真菌) found in soils to devour lab samples of polypropylene.
In the experiment, the scientists first weakened pieces of polypropylene plastic by exposing them to heat, chemicals, or ultraviolet (UV) light so the fungi can do their job quickly. Fungi degrade materials like plastic into simpler molecules that they can then get rid of. The usually smooth plastic become full of marks as the fungi carryout their dirty work.
The two fungi, Aspergillus terreus and Engyodontium album, made a meal of the plastic in the lab experiments. As the researchers reported, between 25 and 27 percent of samples were digested after 90 days, and the plastic was completely broken down after 140 days.
More than 400 microorganisms have so far been found to degrade plastic naturally, with fungi attracting a fair bit of attention for their ability to degrade all sorts of man-made materials. “Recent studies suggest some fungi may even degrade some of the ‘forever chemicals’ like PFAS, but the process is slow and not yet well understood,” explains microbiologist Dee Carter of the University of Sydney.
Currently, the team is testing ways to speed up the degradation process, and assessing the economic and environmental factors of potential commercial use. If the team can transform their laboratory solution into a commercial-scale plastic waste management system, the world will finally have a promising solution to one of our most pressing environmental issues.
【小题1】What does the underlined word “devour” probably mean in paragraph 2?A.Produce. | B.Consume. | C.Analyse. | D.Recycle. |
A.To leave marks on the sample. |
B.To reduce plastic waste globally. |
C.To change the shape of the plastic. |
D.To quicken the degradation process. |
A.Putting the solution into commercial use. |
B.Establishing a system for rubbish sorting. |
C.Maintaining a steady speed in the process. |
D.Tackling the issue of pollution completely. |
A.Scientists cutting down on waste |
B.A solution used on a large scale |
C.Plastic-eating fungi doing the trick |
D.Severe plastic pollution reduced |
Flat Holm, a small island in Britain's Bristol Channel, has no permanent residents and minimal infrastructure(设施). The pretty land mass is now, however, becoming increasingly popular with tourists wishing to explore the rural landscape and view the island’s seabird colonies.
Though this is welcome news, meeting the island's growing energy needs without ruining its environment poses a challenge. Flat Holm team leader Natalie Taylor says, “As we promote the island more and we get more visitors here, there’s going to be a lot more demand for electricity so it’s really important that we’ve got a really high functioning system that can provide for those people. From an environmental point of view, we want to reduce the use of diesel(柴油)generators so that we can have as small ecological footprints as possible.”
While the Cardiff Council, which oversees the island, considered traditional solar and hydroelectricity, it was reluctant to carry out either, due to their high cost and permanent nature. According to energy and sustainability manager Gareth Harcombe, the officials were seeking a portable option that could be moved if the site was needed for another purpose.
Fortunately, the UK-based company Renovagen had the perfect solution. A small panel can provide 11kW of power within two minutes. A more extensive version, unrolled from a shipping container, can yield 300kW of electricity in less than an hour.
The solar panel “carpets”, laid on the island in early October, are being used to provide electricity to its sole pub and lighthouse. The Cardiff Council also plans to use them to charge two Nissan e-NV200 electric vehicles in the future.
In addition to providing power to remote islands like Flat Holm, Hingley hopes the Rapid Roll technology will be useful in areas affected by natural disasters. A good example is Puerto Rico, where most residents have been without electricity since Hurricane Maria destroyed the power lines in late September.
【小题1】What is badly in need on Flat Holm?A.Tourists. | B.Electricity. |
C.Seabirds. | D.Scenery. |
A.Unwilling. | B.Inconvenient. |
C.Unimportant. | D.Helpless. |
A.Excellent. | B.Unique. |
C.Strange. | D.Common. |
A.Flat Holm-a Small Island in Britain |
B.More Tourists Start to Crowd in Flat Holm |
C.Portable Solar Panels Put to Test on Flat Holm Island |
D.Lack of Electricity Prevents the Development of Flat Holm |
Saving energy is half the battle won when it comes to protecting the environment and reducing our carbon footprints.
Use less electricity.
Use less water.
Fix problems. Leaky faucets or pipes, cracks in windows and doors, and poor insulation can all cause an increase in water and energy use. To make sure this doesn’t happen, check all your door and window frames and seal them well if needed. A lot of a home’s heat can get out through those cracks. Leaky faucets and toilets can add quite a big number to your water bill.
A.Use Energy Star products. |
B.Use fewer electrical appliances. |
C.There are many things you can do about going green. |
D.Handling these issues can help avoid unwanted water bills. |
E.Electricity is still mainly supplied by burning fossil fuels. |
F.Wash fewer clothes at a time to use water efficiently. |
G.Wash clothes or dishes when you have a full load. |
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