“I was not exceptional at all,” Claudia Goldin once told me of her time as an economics PhD student at the University of Chicago. But as the course progressed, she said, “I felt like lightbulbs were going on in my head.” On October 9 the brightness of those lights was confirmed, as she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics “for having advanced our understanding of women’s labour market outcomes”.
Goldin found men relatively dull, at least as a topic of study. Their labour was uniform compared to that of women, who might switch between caring for children, toiling (辛苦工作) in the family businesses or sweating somewhere else. But this complexity was harder to measure. According to America’s historical statistics, for example, their occupation was often unhelpfully listed as “wife”. So Goldin set out to measure their work properly.
The standard pattern of development was once that as countries got richer, women were pulled into the labour market. But by painstakingly stitching together different data sets, Goldin established that America’s path was more complicated, and that growth in the 1800s coincided with women moving away from work other than domestic labour.
Why? For a start, factory jobs were harder to combine with childcare than, say, sewing at home. And richer families could afford to spare women the indignity of toil. Goldin argued that stigma (污名) reinforced this, or the idea that “only a husband who is lazy and neglectful of his family would allow his wife to do such labour.” Later the stigma faded — the office clerk job of the 20th century was easier, and consistent with the impression of a supportive spouse. With the arrival of tight labour markets in the 1950s, discriminatory policies against hiring married women were virtually abandoned.
Today, women still work and earn less than men. As social norms have shifted and real barriers have fallen, Goldin says that most of the remaining gender gaps facing college-educated women are due to something else. So-called “greedy jobs” reward round-the-clock work and are conflicting with being on call for children. Perhaps men should also share the family burden and allow their partners to be more professionally involved instead.
【小题1】How does Claudia Goldin find women’s domestic labour?A.Complicated to understand. | B.Tricky to assess. |
C.Less changeable than men’s work. | D.More valuable than men’s career. |
A.They took an active part in workforce. |
B.They were comfortable enough not to work. |
C.They stood a good chance in office jobs. |
D.They were still stuck in household chores. |
A.To explain the current gender gaps. |
B.To introduce the employee reward system. |
C.To call on men to stay at home. |
D.To expose the greedy nature of capitalists. |
A.Gender Pay Gap Research Wins the Nobel Prize in Economics |
B.How Goldin Transformed Our Understanding of Women’s Work |
C.Women’s Century-Long Journey Toward Equality |
D.Do Greedy Jobs Cause the Gender Pay Inequality |
The Deep Skills Every Network Manager Should Have
In today’s increasingly interconnected world, network managers are expected to keep up with endless new technologies, methodologies, and management responsibilities. Yet, becoming a successful network manager requires more than simply understanding how networks function and acquiring a lot of certifications (证书). These days, it’s also important to have the deep talents that separate for the rest of the group.
Critical thinking
Critical thinking is an absolutely key skill. All competent network managers are well aware of the general risk. Maybe they’re focused on protecting customer data, but a critical thinker sets aside assumptions (假设) that might lend to wrong or incomplete conclusions,
Given the ever-improving technology landscape, flexibility has become an essential skill for all net work managers. Flexibility become increasingly important during the COVID-19 pandemic, which required many enterprises to quickly shift technologies and support more various networks.
Complex problem solving
Complex problem solving enables network managers to solve issues for which there are many root causes, any of which could lead to a chain reaction of failures. Complex problem solving skills are higher-order skills than general problem-solving skills.
Adaptability
Change is inescapable. Adaptability is one of the key characteristics of a network manager. In the world of technology, things change quickly, new technology is constantly being created, and a successful network manager should be able to adapt and advance with these changes.
A.Mental flexibility |
B.Access management |
C.They are always asking “Why?” |
D.They need to have a thorough understanding of the employees |
E.When a network manager accepts that nothing stays the same forever |
F.Acquiring it can be an extremely boring and long process, yet well worth the effort |
G.Here’re four essential deep skills that all network managers should acquire and sharpen |
Abdul, 54-year-old man, has been working as a living statue for over three decades, standing perfectly still for six hours a day and resisting people’s attempts to make him move or smile, anything that proves he is a living person.
Known as “India’s Statue Man,” he has been performing his daily routine ever since 1985, soon after getting a job as a security guard. His boss had recently traveled to the UK, where he was so impressed by the statue-like members of the Royal Guard outside Buckingham Palace that he felt like doing something similar back home. So he had his guards receive three months of training, where they would sit perfectly motionless for around four hours. They weren’t allowed to talk or smile, eat, drink, or even shoo away a fly if it sat on their faces. In the end, Abdul proved the best of the group, so he got the strange job.
Abdul isn’t the only person in the world acting as a living statue but what makes him special is the fact that he can do it for as long as six hours without even blinking his eyes. Once, a $155 prize was put up for anyone who can make him move a muscle. But try as they might, no one has ever succeeded. Actually, Abdul tries to move about as much as he can in his spare time, and only eats healthy home-cooked food, to keep his body in shape. In the 32 years, Abdul has become a celebrity in India and other Asian countries. Many Bollywood celebrities have come to witness this living statue and try to finally make him move, but none has succeeded.
Abdul earns about 10,000 rupees ($156) a month, which is enough to support his family, but definitely not enough to encourage his children to follow in his footsteps. It’s just too stressful and taxing on the body. “Despite all the hardships and health problems, I love my job and I am thankful to people for the love and respect they have showered on me.” he says. “When the time comes, I want to die playing a statue.”
【小题1】What is Abdul’s daily routine?A.Performing as a living statue. | B.Proving to be a living person. |
C.Smiling at his customers. | D.Keeping his body in shape. |
A.He had his special ambition. | B.He was most familiar with the job. |
C.He stood out among the group. | D.He knew the boss more than others. |
A.It’s overpaid. | B.It’s satisfying. |
C.It’s encouraging. | D.It’s instructive. |
Whether you are entering the job market for the first time or you are already at work, you have to know the various fields where you can work and the types of jobs available per field. Now it is time that you gained basic knowledge about ten common field of work and some types types of jobs n that field.Here they are:
Technology Jobs
The technology field is always growing very fast, so job growth in the field is also constantly booming. Here, you are always in the cutting-edge. However, you always have to update your skills when you are working in technology. Engineering and IT graduates are people who primarily do work related to technology.
Education Jobs
Here is a field which allows you to share your knowledge with others. You need subject-matter knowledge and teaching skills to be in this field.Most of all, you need plenty of hearts. While the everyday life teachers may be tiring, education is one of the most fulfilling(令人满意的)fields to enter. You may need some certifications, though.
Healthcare Jobs
Healthcare professions enable you to use a great knowledge base of the human body and of latest health advances so you can save lives, provide comfort, cure illness, and maintain people’s health. Work here is often done in hospitals and private clinics.
Science and Mathematics
Discovering new knowledge is the primary task of scientists and mathematicians. Training here takes a long time and goes beyond getting a bachelor’s degree. However,the work will be fulfilling, especially that you may be at the edges of revolutionary discoveries. You can also use any experience and research skills acquired in either field to work in regular employment setting.
【小题1】When you are in search of a job ________ .A.you should know yourself well |
B.you should have gained work experience |
C.you should have a good command of technology |
D.you should be expert in different job fields |
A.efficient | B.patient |
C.pessimistic | D.unwilling |
A.you are always in a dangerous situation |
B.you have to deal with difficult problems |
C.you have to get on well with others |
D.you need to often learn new knowledge |
A.Training for a long time. | B.Discovering new knowledge. |
C.Using experience and research skills. | D.Getting a bachelor’s degree. |
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