The method by which the greater part of the Egyptian alphabet was 【小题1】 is this: The oval, or “cartouche” as it is called, always contained a(n) 【小题2】 name. There is only one cartouche on the Rosetta Stone concerning a Ptolemy. If the cartouche did contain the name of Ptolemy, who ruled over Egypt, the characters in it would have the sounds of the Greek letters, and that all together they would 【小题3】 the Greek form of the name of Ptolemy. On the obelisk (方尖碑) which Mr. Bankes had brought from Philæ (菲莱，埃及一地名), there is an inscription in two languages, Egyptian and Greek. In the Greek 【小题4】, two sacred names are mentioned, Ptolemy and Cleopatra, and on the second face of the obelisk are two cartouches. When these cartouches were 【小题5】 with the one on the Rosetta Stone, one contained hieroglyphic (象形文字的) characters almost identical with those on the Rosetta Stone.

Rosetta Stone Obelisk from Philæ

Taking the cartouches supposed to contain the names of Ptolemy and Cleopatra from the Philæ Obelisk, and 【小题6】 the signs, we have:

Ptolemy, A.

Cleopatra, B.

No. 1 in A and No. 5 in B are identical, and judging by their 【小题7】 in the names, they must represent the letter P. No. 4 in A and No. 2 in B are identical, and they must represent the letter L. A’s L is the second letter in the name of Cleopatra, No. 1 must represent K.

In the Greek form of Cleopatra, there are two vowels between the L and the P, 【小题8】 to the two hieroglyphs, and , so = E and = O. In some forms of Cleopatra, No. 7 is replaced by , identical with No. 2 in A and No. 10 in B. A’s T follows P in the name Ptolemy, and as there is a T in the Greek form of Cleopatra, and have 【小题9】 the same sound of T. In the Greek form of Cleopatra there are two a’s, the positions of which agree with No. 6 and No. 9, so can be 【小题10】 the value of A. Substituting these values for the hieroglyphs in B, we may write it as thus:

Most people of the world do not bow (鞠躬) to each other, but Japanese people do. They often bow when they meet. Men bow to men and women bow to women. Men and women may bow to each other, but usually only if they do not know each other. The younger or more junior person bows more 【小题1】 than the older, or more senior person. The Japanese also bow to say “thank you” for something, or to 【小题2】 for something, or when they say goodbye.

Schoolchildren do not bow to each other. Schoolgirls say goodbye to each other by waving their hands and saying “bye-bye”. Schoolboys may copy 【小题3】 and pat each other on the back or make “high fives” with their hands.

Many types of hand 【小题4】 have special meanings. You may see Japanese people put their thumb and index finger together to form a circle. This circle 【小题5】 a coin and the gesture is the sign for money. To 【小题6】 that someone is crazy, the Japanese move their hands in a circular motion above their ears. After a couple of turns, they open their hand with their finger pointing up, and say “Pah!” If the Japanese want to indicate “me” without using words, they point to themselves by putting a finger to their noses, but westerners would point to their chests. All young Japanese children learn to make a “V” sign with their middle and index fingers when someone takes their 【小题7】. In Japan, this sign means “peace”, but in England this sign means “victory”. To say “No”, “I don’t know” or “I don’t understand”, Japanese people wave their hands in front of their faces, so it may be difficult to understand exactly what someone means.

Nodding of the head may also be 【小题8】. When Japanese people nod their heads, it does not mean they agree with what you are saying; it means that they understand what you are saying. You must also be careful not to misunderstand a smile. When the Japanese smile they may not be happy, in fact they may be 【小题9】.

As in most countries in the world, Japanese people use a lot of body language. You will understand some of it 【小题10】 and some of it will be new or puzzling to you.

We use body language to express our thoughts and pinions in our interactions with other people. However, body language 【小题1】 from culture to culture. For example, in Japan, someone who witnesses another person employing the 【小题2】 for “OK” might think it means money. In France , a person encountering an identical gesture may interpret it as meaning zero. For another example, people 【小题3】 their interest by making eye contact in some countries. But in Japan you should 【小题4】 it when talking to an older person because people will look down to demonstrate respect. So remember to use body language in a way that is 【小题5】 to the culture you are in.