The most widely used system for classifying carcinogens comes from the IARC, which places them into five groups. Group 1 carcinogens definitely cause cancer in humans. Group 2A is probably carcinogenic to humans, Group 2B is possibly carcinogenic, the carcinogenicity of Group 3 in humans is unclassifiable, and Group 4 is probably not carcinogenic to humans. Only a little more than 100 are classified as Group 1 cancer-causing substances, including ultraviolet radiation and tobacco smoke.
“Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants,” the lARC's Dana Loomis said in a statement. “The results from the reviewed studies point in the same direction: the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution.”
In 2010, lung cancer resulting from air pollution killed 223,000 people worldwide, and there was also convincing evidence that it increases the risk of bladder (膀腕) cancer, according to the IARC.
Air pollution is already known to raise risks for a wide range of illnesses, including respiratory and heart diseases.
Air pollution is global, although the levels of it vary over space and time.
Loomis said people in Asia, eastern North America, some places in Central America and Mexico, as well as North Africa have relatively high exposure. Developing countries with large populations and booming manufacturing sectors, such as China, are particularly at risk.
Many cities in China, such as Beijing, frequently see smog. This week, Harbin, the capital city of Heilongjiang province, became the first Chinese city to officially suspend classes due to serious smog
Many developed countries face similar problems, although to a lesser degree than most developing nations. In Europe, levels of many pollutants have fallen. But between 91 and 96 percent of Europeans living in cities are exposed to levels of PM2.5—tiny particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers—that are higher than the WHO safety limits, says a report published by the European Environment Agency on Oct 15.
Although both the composition and levels of air pollution can vary dramatically from one location to the other, the 1ARC said its conclusions apply to all regions of the world.
“Given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide, this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay,” said Christopher Wild, director of the IARC.
【小题1】What might be the best title of the passage?
A.Signals of air pollution |
B.Safety limits of air pollution |
C.Air pollution, cancer risk |
D.Air pollution, smog risk |
A.To focus on cancer-causing substances. |
B.To evaluate the air quality. |
C.To study the developing risk of cancer. |
D.To send signals to the international community. |
A.The composition and levels of air pollution vary from place to place. |
B.More and more people in developing countries are exposed to air pollution. |
C.Developed countries face air pollution, the level of which is higher than the safety limits. |
D.A large number of people worldwide are exposed to air pollution. |
Taking an afternoon nap could keep your brain sharp, a new study has said. Adults ages 60 and older who took afternoon naps showed signs of better mental ability compared to those who didn’t nap, according to a study published in General Psychiatry earlier this week.
Researchers analyzed napping habits in 2, 214 older Chinese people and measured their cognitive abilities using several cognitive tests. Participants took the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Beijing version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, both of which test for memory, language and other cognitive abilities. In every category listed in the study, nappers tested statistically higher on average compared to their non-napping counterparts.
Researchers did not gather data from people under 60, so a correlation cannot be drawn between napping and younger generations. The study also noted that there are conflicting studies about the benefits and risks of napping.
Sleeping behaviors can be affected by a multitude of factors, said Dr. David Neubauer, associate professor at Johns Hopkins University. “Daily routines, medication use and sleep disorders can all play a role in how frequently someone takes a nap.” he said.
Neubauer recommended taking a shorter “power nap” of up to 20 minutes to decrease the chances of transitioning into slow-wave sleep, which makes people feel groggy when they wake up. “Napping can be a healthy part of an older adult’s day”, Neubauer acknowledged, but make sure “sleepiness isn’t due to a treatable nighttime sleep disorder.” Older individuals who want to do all they can to preserve their cognitive functioning should put nighttime sleep first.
【小题1】What is the best way to keep a better cognitive ability for the old?A.Take a nap every day. |
B.Take sleep disorder seriously. |
C.Have a good sleep at night. |
D.Do exercise regularly. |
A.By taking the examinations and assessment. |
B.By analyzing napping habits and giving tests. |
C.By measuring nappers’ ability and analyzing them. |
D.By doing an experiment. |
A.Taking a nap. |
B.Medicine treatment |
C.Sleep problems |
D.Everyday activities. |
A.It appears in short nap up to 20 minutes. |
B.People should avoid it in their naps. |
C.It is a healthy part of an elder’s day. |
D.It was recommended by Neubauer. |
I am in my 40s,but today I look more like a teenage girl. Not because I'm wearing the latest fashion or having a wild hair day. It's because I have a pimple(青春痘) that looks like a volcano getting ready to erupt on my chin.
“Mom, what is that?” my 8-year-old daughter Lucy exclaimed, pointing at the ugly bump on my face.
My in-laws were visiting and brought me a box of chocolates-one of my favorite foods. Eating properly seemed like a good idea until I was alone with that box of chocolates! I enjoyed them greatly, and my pimple proved my enthusiasm clearly.
Food can be a large block for me. Broccoli(西蓝花)seldom appeals to me, but baked goods with sugar or crispy chips certainly do. I have no problem dipping a large spoon into a jar of peanut butter or frosting to satisfy my desires. But you won't catch me tasting a spoonful of cottage cheese for a late-night snack.
Please don't misunderstand me. There is certainly a place for celebration foods such as cake and ice cream. But a regular serving of daily junk food robs me of the nutrition offered in the foods I eat.
I know I feel better after eating an apple than I do after eating a candy bar. It's so easy in our society to eat processed food out of boxes, bags, and at the drive-thru. But that ease comes at a cost: We suffer physically. Our taste buds may be very, lack nutrition, which opens the door to diseases, I'm trying to ask myself a few questions before reaching for a snack or making a meal: Is this really food?
Is there something God made in it? Am I really hungry? Will I feel satisfied, but our bodies better after eating this?
【小题1】What made the author feel she looked like a teenage girl?A.Her wild hair. | B.Her ugly face. |
C.Her facial features. | D.Her fashionable clothes. |
A.The author eats chocolates as food. |
B.Chocolates may cause her pimples. |
C.The author's parents-in-law often visit her. |
D.The author eats chocolates to cure pimples. |
A.It lacks protein. | B.It isn't delicious. |
C.It makes her healthy. | D.It isn't a balanced diet. |
A.Favorable. | B.Optimistic. |
C.Positive. | D.Critical. |
The eating habits your children pick up when they’re young will help them keep a healthy lifestyle when they’re adults. Here are some approaches parents can take to develop healthy eating habits in their children.
Guide your family’s choices rather than dictate foods. Make a wide variety of healthful foods available in the house.
Eat meals together as a family as often as possible. Try to make mealtimes pleasant with conversation and sharing, not a time for scolding or arguing. If mealtimes are unpleasant, children may try to eat faster to leave the table as soon as possible.
Try not to use food to punish or reward your children. Withholding (不给) food as a punishment may lead children to worry that they won’t get enough food. For example, sending children to bed without any dinner may cause them to worry that they’ll go hungry.
Discourage eating meals while watching TV. Try to eat only in a fixed area of your home, such as the dining room or kitchen. Eating in front of the TV may make it difficult to pay attention to feelings of fullness.
A.Pay attention to serving size. |
B.And that may lead to overeating. |
C.Encourage your children to eat slowly. |
D.They then may learn to associate eating with stress. |
E.Children are more willing to eat or try foods they help prepare. |
F.As a result,children may try to eat whenever they get a chance. |
G.This practice will help your children learn how to make healthy food choices. |
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