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Climate change and increases in drought and rainstorms pose serious challenges to our water management. An international group of scientists have brought together a large body of research on water quality in rivers worldwide. The study shows that river water quality tends to worsen during extreme weather events. As these events become more often and severe due to climate change, ecosystem health and human access to safe water may be increasingly under threat.

The research led by Dr. Michelle van Vliet of Utrecht University analyzed 965 cases of river water quality changes during extreme weather such as drought, heatwaves, rainstorms, and flooding. The analysis shows that in most cases water quality tends to become worse during droughts and heatwaves (68%), rainstorms and floods (51%), and under long-term changes in climate (56%). During droughts, less water is available to dilute contaminants (稀释污染物), while rainstorms and floods generally result in more contaminants that run off from land to rivers and streams. Improvements or mixed responses in water quality are also reported for some cases, for example when increased transport of pollutants is offset (抵消) by more dilution during flood events.

Water quality changes are strongly driven by changes in water temperature. Land use and other human factors such as wastewater treatment also shape how this plays out. “Understanding the complex interplay between climate, land use, and human drivers, which together influence the sources and transport of pollutants is crucial,” says van Vliet. The research also calls for more data collection and studies of water quality in non-Western countries. “We need better monitoring of water quality in Africa and Asia. Most water quality studies now focus on rivers and streams in North America and Europe.”

The results of the study underline the urgent need for a better understanding of water quality changes during extreme weather events. It sounds an alarm to us. Only then will we be able to develop effective water management strategies that can safeguard our access to clean water and ensure ecosystem health under climate change and increasing weather extremes.

【小题1】What can we learn from paragraph 1?
A.Human beings should be blamed for climate change.
B.Worsened water quality is threatening the climate.
C.Water quality in rivers worldwide is under risk.
D.Water management has been improved recently.
【小题2】What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A.The threats caused by extreme weather.B.The factors influencing water safety.
C.The findings of van Vliet’s research.D.The design of van Vliet’s experiment.
【小题3】According to paragraph 3, which will van Vliet probably agree with?
A.Water quality in non-Western countries is more terrible.
B.Human activities have a big influence on water quality.
C.Related data collection and studies of Europe is adequate.
D.Water quality changes are dominated by water temperature.
【小题4】What is the author’s attitude toward van Vliet’s research?
A.Unclear.B.Contradictory.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.
23-24高二上·湖南·阶段练习
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Millions of people suffer from motion sickness (晕动症).They have a lot of activities they fear. They often avoid doing these activities which include long-distance airplane travel, sea-trips, road-trips,even certain movies and video games. However, the French company Boarding Ring promises that it has its way to solve the problem, as long as the users are willing to wear Boarding Glasses!

Why do many people suffer from motion sickness? It is believed that the brain fails to deal with mixed signals from body parts. For example, when you are looking at your phone on a moving bus, your inner ear realizes the move but your eyes, focused on the screen, think you don’t move.

Boarding Glasses tries to ease (减轻)motion sickness by making the user’s eyes and ears transmit the same message. After the brain receives the same message, it will think you are in a moving environment. Though that sounds difficult, the science behind the glasses is surprisingly simple. The plastic frames (框架),made up of two round frames on the front and two on the side, are filled with some blue liquid. Any movement can cause the liquid to flow around the eyes. This allows the eyes to sense the move and send the correct signal to the brain.

According to Antoine Jeannin, CEO of Boarding Ring, Boarding Glasses has been tested. The CEO said that over 95 percent of the users felt better after wearing the glasses. The best part is that Boarding Glasses only has a frame» so a single pair can be worn among a group of friends, or even an entire family!

【小题1】Why do some people suffer from motion sickness according to the passage?
A.Their eyes can’t see the move.
B.Their bodies are in a bad condition.
C.Their ears can’t hear in a moving environment.
D.Their brains can’t deal with mixed signals from body parts.
【小题2】What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A.The shortcomings of Boarding Glasses.
B.The design for Boarding Glasses’ future.
C.The working principle of Boarding Glasses.
D.The response of people wearing Boarding Glasses.
【小题3】What might be the best title for the passage?
A.Boarding Glasses Promises to Ease Motion Sickness
B.Why Do People Dislike Motion Sickness
C.Why Do People Suffer from Motion Sickness
D.Boarding Glasses Can Make You See the World Clearly

No one knows who made the first ice cream. Some people think that water ices and milk ices may have been made by the Chinese between three thousand and a thousand years ago. In that time, the dish reached India. The Indians, in turn, many have passed on the secret to the Arabs and Persians.

Marco Polo, an Italian who travelled widely in the thirteenth century, noted that he found the Chinese had long been making ices out of fruit juices and milk. From the fourteenth century on, ices became popular first in Venice and then throughout Italy.

In 1535, when Catherine de Medeicis left Italy to marry the future King Herry II of France, she took her cooks with her. They made desserts the French had never tasted before, which was ice cream.

At first ice cream was a luxury in France. Only rich people had the money to buy it. Then, in 1660, a young man from Sicily, Francisco Procopio, arrived in Paris. He opened a shop that sold ice cream at prices people could afford. Then his ice cream became more popular that other shops were opened.

About 1640, King Charles introduced ice cream to England and soon ice cream quickly became popular in England too.

【小题1】Ice cream was unknown in France until       .
A.1535B.1660C.1640D.1774
【小题2】Who introduced ice cream to England?
A.Catherine de MedeicisB.King Charles
C.Francisco ProcopioD.Marco Polo
【小题3】What will be probably talked about in the next paragraphs?
A.Marco Polo’s travel in the worldB.Development of ice cream in France
C.Development of ice cream in EnglandD.Development of ice cream in other countries
【小题4】What’s this passage mainly about?
A.Marco Polo’s travelB.the history of ice cream
C.Catherine’s marriageD.one of Chinese inventions

Researchers from Purdue University have developed a new white paint that can reflect over 95 percent of sunlight, which can cool the surface even lower than the surrounding temperature. Painted on a building, the new paint could help cut cooling costs and energy use.

Many different reflective cooling paints have been developed over the years, but they all have their disadvantages. For the new study, the Purdue researchers developed a new method—using calcium carbonate(碳酸钙)fillers, which are much richer, cheaper, and absorb less ultraviolet(紫外线的)light. And the new reflective cooling paint can give off more sunlight—reflecting 95.5 percent of the light that strikes it. That's better than many of the other paints in development, which manage between 80 and 90 percent, although it falls short of the record holder—the Teflon coating, which reflects 98 percent of light.

The team tested the new coating outdoors over two days, and showed that under direct sun- light it remained 1. 7℃ below the surrounding temperature. In another set of tests, the researchers painted some parts of a pattern with the new paint, and others with a regular white paint of the same thickness. Using a special camera, they could see the pattern clearly, thanks to the difference in temperature between the two materials.

The team says that the new paint could not only help cool buildings, but prevent outdoor electrical systems from overheating. But to ensure that it is commercially practicable, the researchers next plan to investigate how well it lasts out in the environment.

"The cost of our paint may be comparable to other commercial paints or even lower than them," says Xiulin Ruan, an author of the study. "The key is to ensure the reliability of the paint so that it is workable in long-term outdoor applications."

【小题1】What's the advantage of the new paint?
A.Absorbing enough sunlight.B.Developing new energy
C.Lowering cooling costs.D.Improving electrical system
【小题2】How did the researchers study the effect of the new paint?
A.By analyzing special pictures.B.By conducting field tests.
C.By collecting temperature dataD.By assessing its nature.
【小题3】What can we infer from the result of the research?
A.The paint still needs testingB.The paint can be used for long.
C.The paint is incomparable.D.The paint has reliable performance
【小题4】What is the text mainly about?
A.A new white paint helps cool buildingB.Researchers lower the costs of paints
C.A regular paint solves heat consumption.D.Environment-friendly paints come into market.

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