A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost? If you answered 10 cents, you’re not alone most people give the same answer (the correct answer is 5 cents.)
It’s an example of how we often rely on intuitive answers we feel are true. People give answers that pop into their mind, says cognitive (认知的) scientist Steven Sloman. We don’t spend much time reflecting and checking whether the answer is right or wrong.
The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake news. It is part of human nature to believe, says Sloman. But “the trick with fake news is to know to verify” — in other words, to stop and question what you know.
In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain. They told a group of volunteers about it, but admitted they could not fully explain what it was. They then asked the volunteers to rate their own understanding of helium rain. Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7, meaning they did not understand the concept. The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery. This time, they said that scientists could fully explain how it works. When asked to rate their understanding, the volunteers gave an average answer of 2. The scientists’ confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding. According to Sloman, studies show that knowledge spreads like a contagion.
Another explanation for the spread of fake news is “motivated reasoning”, writes Adam Waytz, a management professor at the Kellogg School. We are naturally more likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions.
So, in a world where misleading information is common, is there a way to protect ourselves? “Though it’s impossible to verify everything that people encounter, training people to care about fact-checking is important, especially in online communities.” says Sloman, “Develop an atmosphere where we should check things and not just take them at face value. Verify it before you believe.”
【小题1】The author uses the example of the bat and ball question to show that .A.people often forget skills that they learned at school |
B.there is often more than one possible answer to a question |
C.many people give quick responses without thinking carefully |
D.it is easy to make mistakes when doing math questions |
A.To make sure something is true. | B.To think about something for long. |
C.To express an opinion about something. | D.To change something into a different one. |
A.some of the volunteers explained it to them |
B.Sloman and his colleagues showed them how it works |
C.they feel more confident about their own ability |
D.they believed that scientists fully understood it |
A.Helium Rain: A Great Discovery | B.Stop, Question, and Check |
C.Social Media and How to Use It | D.Fake news and How to Spread It |
On the roof of an apartment building in one of Gaza’s most crowded cities live two baby lions. One is male, the other female. They walk among the water tanks and eat chicken for food. Children play with the animals and some take selfies (自拍) with them. The baby lions have become pets for a 27-year-old bakery owner Naseem Abu Jamea. They have become popular playthings for many people in the neighborhood.
However, as children in his family and from the neighborhood played with the animals, Abu Jamea had little concern about the risks. “When you raise them as babies”, he said,“a harmony will grow between both of you.” This harmony, he added, would keep the lions from hurting him and others.
Abu Jamea said he got the baby lions from a local zoo but would not give more details. He did, however, share a dream of his.“It is my hobby. I was attached to them and I love to have them,” he said. He added he hopes one day to have his own zoo.
One animal doctor, Amir Khalil, has a different opinion. He has led several trips to Gaza with the animal welfare organization Four Paws to rescue mistreated zoo animals. “I advise the Gaza authorities to take away those lions,” he said. “At the age of six months a lion becomes more dangerous as his size gets bigger and his muscles become stronger.” Khalil also fears for the baby lions’ own welfare. He said lions raised in a home may not get the food and medical care they need. This could result in long-term health problems, especially difficulties with muscles, joints, and bones.
During the COVID-19 outbreak, zoos in Gaza have experienced a drop in the number of visitors. Without paying visitors, they are struggling to feed and care for the animals. Hassan Azzam is an official with Gaza’s agriculture ministry. When asked about the baby lions, he said the ministry does not know about any public objections to the animals. But he said the ministry would investigate.
【小题1】What is known about the baby lions from the text?A.They are taken good care of. |
B.They are of opposite sexes. |
C.Their lives are in danger. |
D.They enjoy life with people. |
A.Cautious. | B.Upset. | C.Suspicious. | D.Unconcerned. |
A.The two baby lions being kept as pets. |
B.The two baby lions being taken away. |
C.The two baby lions being mistreated in the zoo. |
D.The two baby lions living in harmony with humans. |
A.Provide financial assistance for the local zoos. |
B.Require the zoo to take back the baby lions. |
C.Make a survey about the local citizens’ reactions. |
D.Publish a statement to express their sorry and concern. |
With the Covid-19 virus sweeping the globe, the science on quitting smoking offers welcome news for smokers who want to build up their defenses in case they contract the virus. Though it may still take many months for a smoker's lungs to heal from damage caused by long-term smoking, your health can noticeably improve in the days and weeks after quitting in ways that could make a difference against the virus. Covid-19 creates an added sense of urgency, and there's enough reason to believe that quitting smoking during the pandemic(流行病)could increases your opportunities of fighting off the virus.
If you make the decision to quit, the cilia(纤毛)in your lungs are one of the first parts of your body to heal. These hair-like projections wave back and forth like a brush as air moves in and out of your lungs. They help your body fight off colds and infection. They also help clear mucus(黏液), so if they're not functioning as well as they should, mucus can build up in the lungs. Your body's tendency to cough during an infection helps inspire the bodily process of clearing out mucus. That's vital in fighting the Covid-19 condition. The elderly are at a greater risk for too much lung fluid that often limits breathing following coronavirus infection because they don't have a strong enough cough to clear it up.
A second short-term gain from quitting smoking comes from reducing ongoing inflammation(炎症)in your body, which can make you infect Covid-19 more easily. Having your lungs in as good of shape as you can in case of a corona virus infection is key.
Besides lung-related issues, quitting smoking can also deliver healthy benefits to the heart that could help prevent possible heart attacks, which are another cause of death in Covid-19 cases. After you quit smoking, your blood becomes thinner and less possible to setting. Heart attacks are less likely. One reason this happens is because smoking makes it harder for the heart to distribute blood throughout the body.
【小题1】What is the use of the lung cilia?A.Cleaning up the lungs. | B.Killing the Covid-19 virus. |
C.Predicting lung infections. | D.Reducing breathing difficulty. |
A.They cannot go out during the pandemic. | B.There is too much mucus in their lungs. |
C.Most of them are heavy smokers for years. | D.They are lacking in the care of their children. |
A.Strengthen the heart muscle. | B.Turn blood to be much thicker. |
C.Make the blood flow smoother. | D.Speed the heartbeat up apparently. |
A.Quitting smoking can help defend the Covid-19. |
B.Ways to make a difference against corona viruses. |
C.The Covid-19 virus is threatening humans worldwide. |
D.Protecting the smokers' lungs to heal from damage. |
In the future, people will work fewer hours a week than today, right?
But there is a second reason for peoples overwork.
A.Take the example of Lily P. |
B.Most of people's work will be replaced by the robots. |
C.People working longer hours will be much better paid. |
D.More people are working long hours for two reasons. |
E.Where will technology and the demands of the workweek take us? |
F.Today, many companies are trying to do more work with fewer workers. |
G.Actually, more people nowadays are working 10 to12 hours a day, six days a week than ever before. |
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