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Perhaps the most challenging thing about earthquakes is the great uncertainty around where and when they are likely to strike, which makes taking action that may save lives challenging.

Earthquakes bring about redistribution of mass and this generates observable changes of the Earth’s gravitational field, measurable using specialized instruments. High accuracy gravity measurements may provide a useful tool to help with managing the risk by identifying which faults (断层) are under stress and most likely to be active. By monitoring the progression of fault movements, it’s possible to get a medium-term outlook on which areas are most likely to be affected when the next earthquake happens.

Current earthquake warning systems are based on networks which detect the early arrival “P” seismic (地震的) waves prior to the arrival of the more destructive waves, but are unable to respond before the ground movements have already started, greatly limiting how advanced the warning can be.

While a warning caused by a gravity signal might only give a few additional seconds, such a warning can provide extra time to allow the public to take preventative action.

However, making measurements of gravity with sufficient accuracy, long-term stability and data sampling rate to achieve these signals is of course challenging. Detection of small signals for early warning systems is greatly limited by the background seismic noise which affects the sensor readings. Obtaining measurements which are stable over long periods of time and consistent between different sensors is difficult too.

The Quantum Technology Hub for Sensors and Timing led by the University of Birmingham is developing sensors which meet these challenges by employing the quantum (量子) behaviour of cold atoms to measure gravity accurately. As well as the cold atom sensors being extremely sensitive to small changes in the gravitational field, the identical (完全相同的) nature of atoms makes them ideal test masses which give consistent results.

Furthermore, by measuring two separated atom clouds at the same time, common background seismic noise can be controlled, which helps to overcome the limitations of seismic noise and allows fast and accurate measurements.

【小题1】What is mainly talked about in paragraph 2?
A.How earthquakes are formed.B.How people can better predict earthquakes.
C.What is used to monitor earthquakes.D.What is the way to identify active faults.
【小题2】What affects the accuracy of early warning systems?
A.The number of sensors.B.The temperature of atoms.
C.The background seismic noise.D.The strength of seismic waves.
【小题3】What makes atoms perfect test masses?
A.They have the same nature.B.They are tiny.
C.They are sensitive to temperature.D.They can remove the seismic noise.
【小题4】What is the purpose of the text?
A.To display the uncertainty of earthquakes.
B.To show the challenges in detecting earthquakes.
C.To discuss the accuracy of earthquake warning systems.
D.To introduce a technology to improve earthquake detection.
2023·河南·三模
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The outbreak of locusts, an insect that mainly lives in Africa and Asia, is the worst experienced by Kenya in 70 years. The crowds are some three times the size of New York City, eating their way through thousands of acres of crops and animal grassland and destroying livelihoods in the process.

“These hungry things are alarming,” says Keith Cressman, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization's senior locust forecasting officer. "A crowd the size of Manhattan can, in a single day, eat the same amount of food as everyone in New York and California combined."

Desert locusts are infamous for their ability to breed(繁育)rapidly in large numbers every three months. And with some help from the wind, they can travel as much as 80 miles a day. Most years, the insects stay in African deserts. However, under the right environmental conditions, they can multiply quickly, spread as much as 400 times every six months and cause extensive destruction if left unchecked.

“The insect has the ability to take advantage of good conditions.” Cressman says.

The "good conditions" the scientist is referring to began in mid-2018 when a rainstorm from the Indian Ocean struck a remote area of the Arabian Peninsula known as the "Empty Quarter". Normally, it would dry out within a short period, killing most of the locust population, which depends on green plants for food. However, in late 2018, a second rainstorm struck the same region. The huge sandy area got wet, which is exactly what desert locusts need to lay their eggs and breed. The extra food supply caused the population to explode for the second time in six months.

Luckily, the locusts, experts say, are easy to control with chemicals. Kenya badly needs equipment and a steady supply of chemicals to effectively wipe out the massive insects. Hopefully, leaders worldwide will recognize the tough situation and contribute generously to control the locust outbreak.

【小题1】What can we infer from what Cressman says in paragraph 2?
A.Little can dull locusts' appetite.
B.Urgent action must be taken against locusts.
C.Overpopulation in big cities leads to food shortages.
D.New York and California should meet challenges together.
【小题2】What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A.Locusts' living conditions.B.Locusts' destructive effect.
C.Locusts' daily travel distance.D.Locusts' super reproductive power.
【小题3】For what purpose does the author mention "good conditions"?
A.To explain immediate causes of the locust outbreak.
B.To remind locals to preserve the environment.
C.To analyze how to prevent locust outbreak.
D.To highlight the strength of two rainstorms.

TSUNAMI HITS ASIA: OVER 6,500 DEAD

By Robert Woodhouse Monday, 27 December 2004

The most powerful earthquake in the past 40 years caused a tsunami that crashed into coastlines across Asia yesterday, killing more than 6,500 people in Indonesia, India, Thailand, Malaysia, and at least four other countries. Fishermen, tourists, hotels, homes, and cars were swept away by huge waves caused by the strong earthquake that reached a magnitude of 9.0. The undersea quake struck around 7:00 am. Sunday off the west coast of Indonesia’s Sumatra Island. In that area alone, at least 1,870 people were killed.

In Sri Lanka, some 1,600 kilometres west of the quake centre, the number of deaths stood at 2,498, and one million more were affected by the tsunami, government officials said. Indian officials said as many as 1,900 had been killed along the southern coast. Another 254 were found dead in Thailand and 54 in three other countries. In southern Thailand, 1,900 people were hurt and many more were missing, local officials said. “I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home. We had to leave everything and run to safety,” said Chandra Theeravit, a local Thai woman.

Thousands of people are still missing, and the number of deaths is expected to grow even higher over the next few days. Foreign aid is being organised for the tsunami­hit countries. However, dangerous conditions and damaged roads will make it difficult to deliver food and supplies.

【小题1】Where can this passage most probably be seen?
A.A monthly magazine.B.A daily newspaper.
C.A travel brochure.D.A government website.
【小题2】What caused the tsunami?
A.A drought.B.A flood.C.A volcanic eruption.D.An earthquake.
【小题3】In         , the number of people who were killed in the tsunami was the largest.
A.IndonesiaB.Sri LankaC.IndiaD.Thailand
【小题4】Why would it be difficult to deliver food and supplies to the tsunami­hit countries?
A.There were no enough trucks.
B.It was still raining heavily.
C.The people in these areas were not willing to accept these food and supplies.
D.The roads to these areas were blocked.

On November 8th, a tornado, the most powerful in the past 70 years, hit Jersey, causing great damages to the area and leaving the residents in great panic.

“Suddenly, the windows of the waiting room exploded in and dragged everything inside. My cars have been completely destroyed by branches and fences, and my garden is completely gone. There’s no furniture, no fence; everything has been thrown everywhere. At first there was lightning but then a strange noise and strange darkness came over the whole house. It was like being in a scary scene in the movie The Wizard of Oz,” Ashleigh Quail-Charleston, a Jersey resident, told the Bailiwick Express after the tornado that struck overnight on November 1—2 during Storm Ciaran.

The consequence looked like a bomb had gone off: cars hit, roofs with holes, windows broken. “A huge tree leans drunkenly against a block of flats. Piles of branches are piled optionally and pavements are covered with pieces,” said Chris Stone at BBC Radio Jersey. The tornado was powerful and exceptionally rare, caused by a severe thunderstorm that had sent out intense lightning and huge hailstones described as “ice bombs”. The Tornado and Storm Research Organization (Torro) and Jersey Met Office revealed the tornado left a trail of damages 8 km long across the island, and rated its intensity as T6 on an international scale of tornado power.

According to Torro records, this was the most powerful tornado to strike anywhere in the British Isles or Channel Islands since December 7th, 1954 when a tornado struck west London, leaving tremendous devastation, with Gunnersbury railway station torn apart, roofs torn off houses and one car even thrown through the air.

Tornados during Storm Ciaran also hit Sompting in West Sussex and Loders in Dorset. One resident in Loders, Sophie van Hensbergen, described the moment, saying, “The tornado struck with a very, very powerful whistling sound and the windows looked as though we were in a car wash.”

【小题1】Why is The Wizard of Oz mentioned in paragraph 2?
A.To summarize the consequence.B.To introduce the topic.
C.To enrich the readers’ knowledge.D.To help describe the tornado.
【小题2】What does paragraph 3 mainly about?
A.How tornado was rated.
B.What caused the tornado.
C.How severe the tornado was.
D.What should be done to prevent the tornado.
【小题3】What does the underlined word “devastation” mean in paragraph 4?
A.Marks.B.Damages.C.Memory.D.Impression.
【小题4】What is this text?
A.A news item.B.A science report.
C.A movie reviewer.D.A weather forcast.

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